Advocacy Through the Ages

• 2,500 years ago in ancient Athens


  When did public speaking began?
• give speeches as part of their civic duties, which included speaking in legislative assembly and at court.


  What were the men required to do as part of their duties?
• ADVOCATE: Socrates

  PLACE: Greece

  TIME: 399 B.C

  NOTABLE SPEECH: The Apology


  The philosopher defended his principles and answered charges of “corrupting the youth” before the Council of Five hundred.
• ADVOCATE: Mark Antony

  PLACE: Rome

  TIME: 44 B.C.

  NOTABLE SPEECH: Funeral Oration on the Death of Julius Caesar


  The Roman politician and general faced a hostile audience after the assassination of Julius Caesar, but he reversed the sentiments of the people with his speech that “raised the stones of Rome” as he called for mutiny against Brutus.
• TIME: 1775

  PLACE: America

  ADVOCATE: Patrick Henry

  Notable Speech: Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death


  The speech rallied the colonial militia to confront the British forces at Lexington and Concord, signaling the start of the American Revolution.
• TIME: 1863

  PLACE: America

  ADVOCATE: Abraham Lincoln

  Notable Speech: Gettysburg Address


  As Pericles had done, Lincoln honored the soldiers who had fallen

  on both sides during the battle. He only spoke briefly but his words

  brought hope to a nation during a devastating Civil War.
• TIME: 1873

  PLACE: America

  ADVOCATE: Susan B. Anthony

  Notable Speech: Women’s Right to Vote


  She rattled the cages of politicians in a male-dominated society by calling for the suffrage rights among women. She faced hostile

  audiences time after time until she ultimately won with the passage of 19th Amendment.
• TIME: 1933

  PLACE: America

  ADVOCATE: Franklin Delano Roosevelt

  Notable Speech: Inaugural Address


  He reassured the American nation that there is nothing to fear during the Great Depression of the 1930’s. His “fireside chats” brought him into the living rooms of homes all over the country.
• TIME: 1961

  PLACE: America

  ADVOCATE: John F. Kennedy

  Notable Speech: Inaugural Address


  JFK challenged the American people by having them ask what they could do for their country. He kept Soviet missiles out of Cuba, prevented the fall of Berlin, launched the Apollo Space program, and many more.
• TIME: 1963

  PLACE: America

  ADVOCATE: Martin Luther King Jr.

  Notable Speech: I Have A Dream


  He raised the consciousness of the nation for the cause of racial equality and set the wheels in motion for civil rights legislation and freedom from discrimination.
• TIME: 1966

  PLACE: India

  ADVOCATE: Indira Nehru Gandhi

  Notable Speech: What Educated Women Can Do


  She became the first woman prime minister of India, campaigning on the platform Garibi Hatao- “to abolish poverty.” She is noted for her reforms in India.