HPP: RESPIRATORY

• Respiration: is the process by which living organisms    exchange gases with their environment, typically by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
• respiratory system: is a complex network of organs and tissues that allows living organisms to breathe, by exchanging gases with the environment.
• what are the components of the respiratory system?

  nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphram
• 2 main types of respiration

  aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
• Aerobic respiration: requires a constant supply of oxygen to produce energy.
• anaerobic respiration: can provide energy in the absence of oxygen, but it produces less energy and can result in the buildup of lactic acid, which can cause muscle fatigue.
• what are the primary functions of respiratory system?

  regulation of blood pH, voice production, olfaction, innate immunity
• up CO2: type of CO2 that Increases rate of breathing to allow more carbon dioxide to be exhaled out of the body.
• down CO2: type of CO2 that Decreases/slows rate of breathing to allow more carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood.
• voice production: Air movement pass through the vocal cords makes sound and speech possible
• olfaction: the sense of smell, the sense of smell is the detection of odors
• innate immunity: Prevents microorganisms and other pathogens, such as viruses from entering the body and removes them from respiratory surfaces.
• 2 types process of respiration

  external respiration and internal respiration
• external respiration: the process of gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream
• internal respiration: - Refers to the exchange of gases that occur between the body’s cells and the bloodstream.
• carbon dioxide: a gas that is produced by respiration and is a waste product
• nose: - Consists of two nostrils or nares, which are separated by a thin wall called septum.
• septum: part of nose that are seperated by a thin wall
• turbinates: - filter, warm and humidify air before it reaches the lungs.
• pharynx: the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the oesophagus.
• nasopharynx: the upper part of the pharynx, connecting with the nasal cavity above the soft palate.
• oropharynx: - Middle portion of the pharynx, located behind the mouth. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium that contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
• laryngopharynx: Lowermost portion of the pharynx, located behind the larynx. 
• LARYNX: the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.
• what are the functions of larynx/

  vocal chord, epiglottis, glottis
• epiglottis: a flap of cartilage behind the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.
• glottis: opening between the vocal folds that allows air to pass through the larynx
• Tranchea: · Made up of C-shaped rings of cartilage that provide support and prevent the trachea from collapsing when the air pressure changes during breathing.
• bronchi: main passageways that carry air from the trachea to the lungs.
• alveoli: small air sacs in the lungs that are filled with air and have a large surface area
• respiratory bronchioles: - are lined with alveoli and are involved in gas exchange.
• lung: main organ for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and the blood.
• pleura: each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans and other mammals.
• pleural fluid: fluid that fills the space between the lungs and the chest wall
• what happends during inhalation?

  oxygen-rich air enters the lungs and diffuses across the walls of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries.
• what happends during exhalation?

  the carbon dioxide diffuses across the walls of the alveoli and is expelled from the body.
• what are the dieseases and disorders of the respiratory system?

  asthma, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
• asthma: inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, narrowing of the airways
• pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria or viruses
• chronic bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes coughing