III (4th Unit)

• Parts of a Research Paper

  • Chapter 1: Background of the Study
  • Review of Related Literature
  • Theoretical Framework
  • Conceptual Framework
  • Statement of the Problem
  • Hypothesis
  • Significance of the Study
  • Scope and Delimitation
  • Definition of Terms
  • Chapter 2: Design
  • Setting
  • Respondents
  • Sample Size and Sampling Technique
  • Instrumentation
  • Data Gathering Procedure
  • Statistical Statement
• Sources of Qualitative Data

  • Interview
  • FGD (Focus Group Discussion)
  • Observation
• Interview


  A data gathering technique that makes you verbally ask the subjects or participants/respondents questions to give answers to what your research study is trying to look for. Aims at knowing what the participants think and feel about the topic of your research.
• Types of Interview


  • Structured Interview
  • Unstructured Interview
  • Semi-structured Interview
• Structured Interview


  Requires the use of an interview schedule (list of questions). Interviewees will choose their answers from the given set of choices and they are not allowed to share answers that reflect their own thinking or emotions about the topic.
• Unstructured Interview


  Participants answer questions based on what they personally think and feel about it.
• Semi-structured Interview


  There is a prepared schedule or a list of questions that is accompanied by a list of expressions from where the respondents can pick out their answer. After choosing one from the suggested answers, the participants answer another set of questions to make them explain the reasons behind their choices.
• Focus Group Discussion (FGD)


  A moderator-led discussion among a group of individuals who share a need, attitude, habit or life circumstance relevant to the research issues at hand. One to two hours in length, a focus group discussion often includes from two to ten participants/respondents.
• Observation


  A technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of your research. It provides direct access to social phenomena under study.
• Types of Observation


  • Participant Observation
  • Non-Participation or Structure Observation
• Participant Observation


  When the observer takes part in the activities of the individual or group being observed.
• Non-Participation or Structure Observation


  Detaches the researcher from the target of his/her observation.
• Sources of Quantitative Data

  • Questionnaire
  • Interview
  • Observation
  • Test
• Questionnaire


  A paper based or electronic tool for collecting information about a particular research interest, typically using scales.
• Likert Scale


  Uses ratings to indicate respondents' level of agreement with a specific statement.
• Interview (Quantitative)


  A method of collecting data about an individual's behaviors, opinions, values, emotions, and demographic characteristics using numerical data. Involves the oral, interactive exchange of information between the researcher and the subject either face-to-face or not.
• Observation (Quantitative)


  Used in quantitative research particularly when the characteristics being observed are quantitative in nature.
• Types of Tests


  • Standardized Test
  • Non-Standardized Test
• Standardized Test


  Are scored uniformly across different areas and groups.
• Non-Standardized Test


  Are administered to specific sets of people.
• Data Analysis


  A process of understanding data or known facts or assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or conclusions you have about something.
• Qualitative Data Analysis


  You analyze or study data that reflect the respondents' thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or views about something.
• Thematic Analysis


  The process of identifying patterns or themes within qualitative data. Identify some trend or highlight certain behavior, among the sample population.
• Ways of Performing Thematic Analysis

  • Inductive Method
  • Deductive Method
• Steps in Doing Thematic Analysis

  • Become familiar with the data
  • Generate initial codes
  • Search for themes
  • Review themes
  • Define themes
  • Write up
• Non-prose materials


  • Tables
  • Graphs
  • Bar Graphs
  • Circle Graph
  • Line Graph
• Tables

  Non-prose materials that help condense and classify information using columns and rows.
• Graphs


  Focus on immediately representing how a change in one variable relates to another.
• Bar Graphs


  Displays data by using bars of equal width on a grid. May be vertical or horizontal. Also used for comparisons. Height of the block corresponds to the value of the quantity being represented.
• Circle Graph


  Circular graphs that display percentages of a whole as if they were slices of a pie.
• Line Graph


  Shows data points joined by line segments to show trends over time. Vertical axis could represent anything, but the horizontal axis ordinarily represents time.