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• Norm of behavior


  Normal behavior - the standard behavior, the socially accepted behavior because they follow the standard norms of society
• Abnormal behavior


  Behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society
• Models of Abnormal Behavior

  • Medical Model
  • Psychoanalytic Model
  • Behavioral Model
  • Cognitive Model
  • Humanistic Model
  • Socio-Cultural Model
• Medical Model


  Suggests that physiological causes are root of abnormal behavior
• Psychoanalytical Model


  Abnormality stems from childhood conflicts
• Behavioral Model


  Abnormal behavior is a learned response
• Cognitive Model


  Assumes people's belief and thought are central to abnormal behavior
• Humanistic Model


  Emphasizes people's control and responsibility for their own behavior
• Socio-cultural Model

  Assumes behavior is shaped by family, society and culture
• Stress


  A stimulus or situation that produces distress and creates physical and psychological demands on an individual, requiring coping and adapting
• Anxiety


  Subjective response to stress, characterized by apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, dread, resulting to perceived or real threat
• Levels of Anxiety


  • Mild - increased alertness
  • Moderate - difficulty to stay attentive
  • Severe - unable to solve problems
  • Panic - complete inability to focus, disintegrated ability to cope
• Neurosis


  The group of mild functional personality disorders in which there is no gross personality disorganization and the individual is not required for hospitalization
• Symptoms of Neurotic Personality or Behavior

  • Being overly self-conscious or shy
  • Fear of what others will think about you
  • Struggle with phobias (fear of spiders, flying, heights)
  • Increased bouts of depression
  • Issues with anxiety or panic attacks
  • Difficulty breaking negative patterns of thought
  • Chronic feelings of guilt, shame, anger or envy
  • Feeling overwhelmed in the face of minor challenges
  • Irritability
  • Mood swings
  • Tendency to self-medicate feelings with alcohol or other drugs
• Common Examples of Neurotic Behavior

  • Being overly critical of one's self or work (perfectionism that gets in the way of progress)
  • An outsized reaction to a minor problem, such as "road rage" or crying because dinner was burned and couldn't be eaten
  • Intense anxiety or panic in non-threatening social situations like going out to eat, a work function, or a friendly gathering
  • Difficulty taking care of basic needs, such as shopping, hygiene, paying bills or keeping a job, as a result of depression or anxiety
  • Jealousy of others to the point of distraction
  • Inability to be grateful for your own achievements or possessions
  • Troubles maintaining relationships due to being overly controlling, jealous, needy, angry or emotional
• Anxiety Disorder


  A blanket term covering several different forms of a type of mental illness of abnormal and pathological fear and anxiety
• Types of Anxiety Disorders

  • General anxiety disorder
  • Panic disorder
  • Panic disorder with agoraphobia
  • Phobia
  • Agoraphobia
  • Somatoform disorder
  • Conversion disorder
  • Socialized anxiety disorder
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder
  • Post traumatic stress disorder
  • Separation anxiety
• Panic Disorder


  A person suffers from brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, difficulty breathing
• Panic attacks, defined by the APA as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes, can last for several hours and can be triggered by stress, fear, or even exercise; the specific cause is not always apparent
• Symptoms of Panic Attacks


  • Sudden and repeated panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety and fear
  • A feeling of being out of control, or a fear of death or impending doom during a panic attack
  • An intense worry about when the next panic attack will happen
  • A fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past
  • Pounding or racing heart
  • Sweating
  • Chills
  • Trembling
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Weakness or dizziness
  • Tingly or numb hands
  • Chest pain
  • Stomach pain or nausea
• Agoraphobia


  A type of anxiety disorder where a person is afraid to leave environments they know or consider to be safe
• Panic with Agoraphobia

  A person experiences an unexpected panic attack, then has substantial anxiety over the possibility of having another attack. The person fears and avoids whatever situation might induce a panic attack. The person may never or rarely leave their home to prevent a panic attack they believe to be inescapable, extreme terror.
• Phobia

  Sufferers typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear, which can be anything from an animal to a location to a bodily fluid to a particular situation. Sufferers understand that their fear is not proportional to the actual potential danger but still are overwhelmed by the fear.
• Examples of Phobias


  • Acrophobia - heights
  • Aerophobia - flying
  • Agoraphobia - open spaces, public places
  • Aichmophobia - sharp pointed objects
  • Ailurophobia - cats
  • Amaxophobia - vehicles, driving
  • Anthropophobia - people
  • Aquaphobia - water
  • Arachnephobia - spiders
  • Astraphobia - lightning
  • Batrachophobia - frogs, amphibians
  • Blennophobia - slime
  • Brontophobia - thunder
  • Carcinophobia - cancer
  • Claustrophobia - closed spaces, confinement
  • Cynophobia - dogs
  • Dementophobia - insanity
  • Dromophobia - crossing streets
  • Emetophobia - vomiting
  • Entomophobia - insects
  • Gephyrophobia - crossing bridges
  • Herpetophobia - reptiles
  • Homilophobia - sermons
  • Linonophobia - string
  • Monophobia - being alone