science quart 4

• genotype- is an individuals collection of genes
• phenotype- a individual's observable characteristics, the result of the interaction of genotype and environment
• alleles- pair of genes
• the law of complete dominance- some alleles dominant and cover up the recessive allele
• the law of independent assortment- if the genes for two different traits are locked on a different chromosome
• Gregor Mendel- an augustinian priest, father of genetics
• triat- characteristics or attributes of an organism that are expresed by genes ad influenced by the environment
• the law of segregation- under normal conditions, one and only one member of a pair of genes goes to a gamete
• BB- homozygous dominant
• Bb- heterozygous
• bb- homozygous recessive
• types of hierarchical system of classification

  • ecological diversity
  • genetic diversity
  • species diversity
• classification based on the typological species concept

  ;kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
• biodiversity- variation among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial, marine, and desert ecosystem etc.
• carl linnaeus- invented the taxonomic classification system
• species diversity- the number of different species in an ecosystem, measured by the number of different species in a community
• biological diversity- variety of life on earth
• ecological diversity- the variety of habitats that exist in nature
• Gametogenesis: The process of the formation of gametes, the specialized reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction.
• Spermatogenesis: The process of gametogenesis in males, specifically the production of sperm cells.
• spermatogonia: Diploid cells in the testes that undergo mitosis to produce more spermatogonia.
• Primary Spermatocytes: Spermatogonia that differentiate and undergo meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocytes.
• Secondary Spermatocytes: Haploid cells produced from meiosis I of primary spermatocytes, which undergo meiosis II to produce spermatids
• spermiogenesis: The process by which spermatids mature into sperm cells (spermatozoa) with a head, midpiece, and tail.
• Oogenesis: The process of gametogenesis in females, specifically the production of egg cells.
• Oogonia: Diploid cells in the ovaries that undergo mitosis to produce more oogonia.
• primary Oocytes: Oogonia that differentiate and become arrested in prophase I of meiosis.
• Secondary Oocytes: Haploid cells formed from the completion of meiosis I of primary oocytes, which are arrested in metaphase II of meiosis II.
• Ovum: The mature egg cell resulting from the completion of meiosis II of a secondary oocyte, capable of being fertilized.
• polar Body: Small, non-functional cells produced during oogenesis that contain a portion of the cytoplasm, but do not develop into eggs.
• Mouth: is the entry point of the digestive system. It contains teeth for chewing and grinding food, and the tongue helps in swallowing.
•  Salivary Glands: produce saliva, which helps moisten food and begins the process of breaking down carbohydrates through the enzyme amylase.
• Pharynx: serves as a passage for food and air. It directs food to the esophagus and prevents it from entering the windpipe
• Esophagus: is a muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach through rhythmic contractions called peristalsis.
• stomach: T is a muscular organ that stores and churns food. It secretes gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid and enzymes, to break down proteins and kill bacteria.
• Liver: produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps in the digestion and absorption of fats.
• Gallbladder: stores and releases bile into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats.
• Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes, such as amylase, lipase, and protease, which are released into the small intestine to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
• Small Intestine: is the primary site of digestion and nutrient absorption. It consists of three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• Large Intestine: absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food, forming feces. It also houses beneficial bacteria and prepares waste for elimination.