GENSOC

• Sex

  : the biological aspect of sex : physiological characteristics of males, females, and intersex persons
• Intersex

  : individuals with composite genitals (possessing some characteristics of both male and female genitals
• Gender interacts with but is different from sex
• GENDER : the social aspect of sex : it is the social interpretation of sexuality
• SOGIE SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION
• GENDER IDENTITY : a person’s deeply felt, internal, and individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond to a person’s physiology or designated sex at birth : it is a person’s sense of who they are – how they think about themselves
• TRANSGENDER

  : people who have undergone gender reassignment surgery to align their physical characteristics to their gender identity
• GENDER EXPRESSION : the external manifestation of one’s gender identity through behavior, clothing, hairstyles, makeup, body language, and social interactions : it is the extent of our being feminine, masculine
• Androgyny

  : the possession of both masculine and feminine characteristics
• Sexual Orientation/Sexuality : the emotional aspect of sex : a person’s attraction to people of a particular gender
• Heterosexuals (Straights) : attracted to the opposite sex

  Gays, Lesbians (Homosexuals) : attracted to the same sex

  Bisexuals : attracted to both sexes (male or female)

  Pansexuals : attracted to people of any gender identity

  Asexuals : not sexually attracted to other people
• Gender expression does not necessarily connect to sexuality.
• “We can only truly tell if the person is gay, lesbian, or bisexual if the person shares with us his or her experiences and feelings of attraction towards them”
• Having male and female bodies does not necessarily have to determine our characteristics, roles, or destinies.
• The distribution of labor is based on sex, and not on individual capacity or skill sets.
• GENDER ROLE

  : are “sets of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and femininity”
• Stereotypes : a widely held, simplified, and essentialist belief about a specific group of people : they are not necessarily untrue or negative : commonly function in dichotomies – they reflect normative notions of femininity and masculinity
• Gender Stereotypes : are generalized views or preconceptions about attributes or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by, or the roles that are or should be performed by, men and women : they diminish people according to generalized characteristics which serve to justify their exclusion
• Occupational Gender Stereotypes : male occupations involve masculine traits such as rationality and vitality : female occupations involve feminine traits such as warm and tenderness
• Gender Division of Labor : the way each society divides work among men and women, boys and girls, according to socially established gender roles or what is considered suitable and valuable for each sex : not necessarily concern paid employment; it also includes work, in general
• Occupational Segregation : the distribution of workers across and within occupations, based on demographic characteristics, most often gender
• Horizontal Segregation : the extent to which men and women are located in different occupational sectors
• Vertical Segregation : the extent to which men and women occupy different hierarchical positions within the same occupational sector
• AGRICULTURE ➢ Women farmers do not have an equal opportunity to acquire land or register it in their own names ➢ They have fewer inheritance rights than male farmers ➢ Hindered to access skills development, training and management in marketing skills, and improved farming equipment
• BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING (BPO) ➢ Provides opportunity for decent work, particularly for well- educated women ➢ The BPO sector alone cannot drive inclusive growth for the large and increasing number of unemployed, or for unemployed workers with moderate skills
• WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE AND SERVICES (WRTS) ➢ Women are overrepresented in this sector ➢ The largest sector for women’s employment in the Philippines
• PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS WITH EMPLOYED PEOPLE ➢ Composed primarily of paid domestic workers ➢ Another large sector for women’s employment in the Philippines ➢ Offers particularly low pay and poor working conditions, and presents many challenges for obtaining decent work
• TOURISM ➢ Women are more likely to be employed as housekeepers, waitresses, or similar low-level positions
• GOVERNMENT ➢ Typically offers more opportunities for decent work and social protection than private-sector employment ➢ Women are constrained to being predominantly employed in traditional, gender-stereotypes care sector government occupations
• ENTREPRENEURSHIP ➢ There has been a rapid surge in the number and proportion of female entrepreneurs in developing countries ➢ Women entrepreneurs are more likely than men to be motivated by necessity
• INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ➢ More than 50% of all overseas Filipino workers are women ➢ A gendered division exists in both overseas and domestic employment opportunities; women are most likely to be employed in household service, caregiving, cleaning, and nursing occupations; men are most likely to be employed in trade and service occupations
• Gender Socialization : the process through which children learn about the social expectations, attitudes, and behaviors typically associated with boys and girls : educating and instructing males and females as to the norms, behaviors, values, and beliefs of group membership as men or women
• FAMILY : provide children with their first lessons about gender : reinforce gender stereotypes when they provide their sons and daughters with different toys, or when they describe general patterns about each gender : fathers typically have different expectations for their sons and daughters with regard to personality traits, abilities, and activities : parents’ roles inside and outside the family influence children’s conception of gender roles
• EDUCATION : teachers have gender expectations, model gender roles, and reinforce gender-stereotypical behaviors in their classrooms : gender segregation in school activities highlights gender as a social category and reinforces stereotypes and avoidance of cross-gender playmates
• PEERS : children tend to play with same-gender peers : boys and girls learn what is appropriate for one gender or the other directly or indirectly : Directly – direct comments or reactions : Indirectly – observations
• MEDIA : conveys information about the role of gender in people’s lives and can reinforce gender stereotypes : women are often portrayed as wives or mothers, or one of two extremes: either a wholesome, saint-like figure or a malevolent, hyper-sexual figure : reinforce inequality and gender-based stereotypes (e.g., how women are overrepresented in some roles more than others, women being objectified and portrayed as only existing to serve men
• Patriarkhēs (Greek) - "the rule of the father" A hypothetical social system in which the father or male elder has absolute authority over the family group;
• PATRIARCHY social organization where cultural and institutional beliefs and values are dominated by men. A social system that has historically bestowed primary power and privilege upon

  men in various aspects of society, including politics, economics, and culture.

  It is the unequal distribution of power between men and women, which favors

  men.
• "Patriarchy does not refer to any man or collection of men, but to a kind of society in which men and women participate ... A society is patriarchal to the degree that it promotes male privilege by being male-dominated, male-identified, and male- centered. It is also organized around an obsession with control and involves as one of its key aspects the oppression of women."
• Patriarchy goes beyond the unequal distribution of power between men and women.