Ac 3.2

• AC 3.2 contribution of other agencies in achieving social control: gaps in state provision

  Examples of lack of funding

  • 2010-18, police budget cut by 19%, 2000 fewer officers so police have no choice but to prioritise certain crimes, CPS budget cut by 25% loss of one third of staff, prison budget cut by 16%, staff reduction of 15%
  • New technology, creates an extra burden on criminal investigations, Saunders said CJS struggle to cope with huge amounts of data given by technology EG in recent rape case it took police 600 hours to go through digital material
• AC 3.2 contribution of other agencies in achieving social: gaps in state provision

  New tech- director of public prosecution max Hill says checking phones in rape cases has led to failure to disclose evidence and fall in number of charges

  • Existing laws, social control can only be achieved by state agencies if there’s an appropriate law in place, when a new type of harm emerges but there’s no existing law place it can’t be prosecuted e.g. in UK there’s no current law on promoting hatred and terrorism on social media but in Aus in 2019 it illegal
• AC 3.2 contribution of other agencies in achieving social control: institutional tactics

  Institutions can use a range of tactics including token economies, institutions include family, education, workplace, religious institutions, prison, police. each with its own set of rules to control behaviour

  • Within these rules are often +/- sanctions and rewards e.g. school (rule) must revise for the test (sanction) stickers for 100%, workplace (rule) must be punctual (sanction) pay docked if late
  • Probation, (rule) follow probation guidelines, (sanction) prison time if you don’t
• AC 3.2 contribution of other agencies in achieving social control: institutional tactics

  Disciplinary procedures, , most institutions have rules to prevent disorder/bring institution into dispute

  • staged/phased disciplinary procedures, first offence usually has less serious consequence in both prison or society e.g. loss of privileges in prison (a warning from police in society),
  • repeat offending, if it’s more serious will face greater sanctions e.g. probation/prison to deter further offending
  • Prison Say rule + give sanction, e.g. Serious rule break can add up to 42 days extra in prison
• AC 3.2 contribution of other agencies in achieving social control: behavioural tactics, token economies


  E.g. staying drug-free, obeying the rules, if they behave in desired way they get a token which they can exchange from rewards in the form of incentives/earned privileges

  • Incentives and earned privileges- four levels: basic, entry, standard and enhanced, based on behaviour your initially given status of entry and you can move up if you follow prison rules,
• AC 3.2 contribution of other agencies in achieving social control: behavioural tactics, token economies

  Incentives= longer visits and can spend more £ per week, Cash allowed in prison- basic (unconvicted) £27.50, (convicted) £5.50, standard (u) £60.50, (c) £19.80, enhanced (u) £66, (c) £33

  • How effective are they- studies show they work while in prison Hobbs and Holts study of 123 boys age 12 to 15 in a correctional institution in Alabama found behaviour change lasted throughout 14 months when offender leaves without reinforcement desired behaviour stops however they return to crime slower
• AC 3.2 contribution of other agencies and achieving social control: behavioural tactics, token economies

  Limitations- Cohen and Flipjack reduction in offending after two years not free, prisoners need to be engaged with the program and have motivation
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: behavioural tactics


  Asbo (antisocial behaviour order) introduced in 1998 by Tony Blair, court order held that can be obtained by local authorities in order to restrict behaviour of a person likely to cause harm/distress to the public (graffiti, public drunkness)

  • Asbo comes in different forms: ban, curfew etc put limits on individuals behaviour depending on nature offence e.g. playing music, Asbo would put curfew on when they can play music
  • Breach of Asbo in anything from custody
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: behavioural tactics (Asbo)

  asbo theory- 58% of people broke them, labelling, argues labelling a person will lead to sfp labelling theories argue asbos become a badge of honour reinforcing their offending
• Contribution of agencies achieving social control: behavioural tactics (CBO)

  Cbo (criminal behaviour order) introduced under the antisocial behaviour crime and policing act 2014 to replace asbos

  • Similar to asbo but expect something more of offenders, to encourage them to change behaviour e.g. antisocial behaviour due to drinks, drugs and alcohol, courts would require them to do drug rehab orders, CBO have two measures
  • injunctions, deal with low-level nuisance and annoyance, breach can mean two years in prison for adults/3yr detention order for under 18
• AC 3.2 Contribution of agencies achieving social control: behavioural tactics (token economy)


  used to control behaviour by rewarding positive behaviour and punishing negative behaviour. It’s a form of behaviour modification based on skinners operate learning theory (if behaviour is rewarded it’s likely to be repeated, the reward acts as reinforcement)

  institutions make a list of desired characteristics
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: criticisms of CPTED

  Focuses on defence from outsiders, but insiders can also commit crime e.g. domestic violence

  • Can’t prevent offence that don’t involve physical intrusion, e.g. cybercrime
  • Some housing states have high crime rates because of councils allocation policies rather than because of how they designed as some council take families with a history of antisocial behaviour
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: criticisms of CPTED


  Areas reputation rather than design may lead it to have high crime rate, if police regarding an area as crime ridden they will patrol it more leading more arrests, high recorded crime rate equals worst reputation
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: CPTED examples, gated lanes

  Gated lanes are an example of ‘designing crime out’

  • lissongreen estate London- removed overhead walkways resulted in 50% reduction of crime
  • Architectural liaison officer- police employees officers to build crime prevention features at design stage of buildings
  • Secured by design kitemark scheme-indicates that new buildings meet crime prevention standards, 30% lower burglary rate
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: CPTED examples, gated lanes

  Gated lanes, put lockable gate at the end of alleyways and passages which homeowners around it control to prevent offenders gaining access to allyways

  • Benefits, extra security from burglars, restricted access to prevent antisocial behaviour, creation of safe play areas
  • Sidebottom et al a review of 43 studies found gates reduced burglary for the following reasons, it provides a physical barrier, closing gates increases guardianship and surveillance, gates in increase resident sense of territoriality
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: CPTED examples, gated lanes

  Evaluation of gated lanes

  • Could be an issue for residence in some areas but sidebottom the average cost was £728 and the average benefit was over two times the cost (£2.19 for £1 spent)
  • However, they don’t work if offender lives inside gate area
  • Similar to broken windows theory as it shows an area as a cared for space
• AC 3.2 Contributions of agencies in achieving social control: defensible spaces


  Oscar Newman

  Definition, defensible spaces are areas where there’s clear boundaries so it’s obvious who has a right to be there, he argues they have a low crime rate because of four features

  1. territorial, environment encourages a sense of ownership among residence feeling it’s their territory to control it
  2. natural surveillance, features of buildings e.g. easily viewed entrance lobbies and street level windows allows residence to identify observe strangers
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: defensible spaces


  3. A safe image, building designs should give impression of a safe neighbourhood where residents look after each other, negative image means area will be stigmatised and targeted by offenders

  4. A safe location, neighbourhoods located in the middle of a crime free area are protected
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: indefensible spaces


  Definition, indefensible spaces are where crime is likely to occur in what Oscar Newman calls ‘confused‘ areas of public space e.g. anonymous stairwells and walkways belonging to no one, cared for by no one and observed by no one

  • In his study of high-rise blocks in New York, he found 55% of all crimes occurred in public places, e.g. hallways, stairwell ect because they felt no one owned them
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: environmental design (CPTED)


  Introduced by C R Jeffrey, called the crime prevention through environmental design

  • Suggested form and arrangement of buildings and open spaces can encourage/discourage crime
  • He claimed using positive use of space can help reduce crime which has been adopted in some areas e.g. New York bus terminal
  • CPTED examples: open space and green areas, gated lanes and alleyways, CCTV, traffic lights (people can look around, police can look in cars) prison design (Panopticon)
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: environmental design (CPTED)


  Impacts crime as it reduces hiding spaces

  • Alice Cooper (similar view to Jeffrey) analysed 4099 blocks of flats in 21 London boroughs and found poor design of many blocks led to higher rates of crime and antisocial behaviour.
  • She found 30 design features encourage crime: Anomity, lack of surveillance and easy escape + more
  • theory- situational crime prevention, CPTED INVOLVES TARGET HARDENING BY CHANGING ENVIRONMENT TO MAKE IT HARDER TO COMMIT CRIME E.G. BARRIERS TO PREVENT VEHICLE ACCESS
• AC 3.2 contribution of agencies in achieving social control: environmental design (CPTED)


  Theory

  • Felson’s routine activity theory- emphasises the importance of a capable guardian, protecting targets in cpted, mutual surveillance by Neighbours act as a Guardian
  • Rational choice- cpted assumes offenders will act rationally (if intrude of fears they will be challenged by residence they will be more likely to stay away from the area)