Chem 1-3

• Chemistry is the science that investigates the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo
• Chemistry


  Deals with the composition, structure, properties, behavior, and changes of matter and energy
• Branches of chemistry


  • Organic chemistry
  • Inorganic chemistry
  • Physical chemistry
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental chemistry
  • Industrial chemistry
  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Polymer chemistry
  • Geochemistry
  • Nuclear chemistry
  • Astrochemistry
• Essential questions for branches of chemistry

  • Physical chemistry: What is the structure of an atom, and how does it influence chemical behavior? How do different types of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, metallic) form and function?
  • Organic chemistry: Why is carbon considered the backbone of organic compounds? What are the major functional groups in organic molecules, and how do they affect chemical properties?
  • Inorganic chemistry: What distinguishes inorganic compounds from organic compounds? How does the Periodic table help to organise elements?
  • Analytical chemistry: How are analytical methods used to identify and quantify chemical substances?
  • Biochemistry: How do biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids contribute to the structure and function of living organisms?
  • Environmental chemistry: How do human activities contribute to air pollution, and what are the consequences for the environment? What role do greenhouse gases play in climate change, and how can we mitigate their effects?
  • Medicinal chemistry: How are drugs designed and developed for specific therapeutic purposes?
  • Polymer chemistry: What are polymers, and how do their structures affect their properties?
  • Geochemistry: How do geological processes influence the distribution of elements in the Earth's crust?
  • Nuclear chemistry: How do nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions, and what are their applications? What is the role of radioisotopes in medicine and industry?
  • Astronomy: What types of reactions occur in astronomical environments?
• Daily life applications of chemistry

  • Organic chemistry: To treat diseases, organic chemists synthesize new medicines that interact with specific targets like proteins or enzymes
  • Inorganic chemistry: Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are used as rechargeable batteries for electronics, toys, wireless headphones, handheld power tools, small and large appliances, electrical storage devices, and electric vehicles
  • Analytical chemistry: Forensic chemistry is the application of analytical chemistry. It involves the examination of physical traces, such as body fluids, bones, fibers and drugs. It can be used to identify an unknown compound
  • Physical chemistry: Physical chemistry is a part of our everyday life. The batteries in our vehicles are built on the principle of electrochemistry
  • Environmental chemistry: Environmental chemistry is used to protect water that has been poisoned by soil, and dust by using different methods e.g., sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection
• Science


  The systematic process of constructing and organizing knowledge about the universe
• Technology


  The process of applying scientific knowledge to practical applications, resulting in the creation of tools, machines, and systems that enhance our lives
• Engineering


  The use of science and mathematics to design and construct systems, structures, and tools for various processes
• Science, technology and engineering work together to solve problems in real-world situations
• Investigating rusting of iron

  • Scientists could investigate the chemical reactions that occur between iron, water and oxygen that cause rust to form
  • Experiments could be conducted to understand the factors that influence this process and help develop strategies to prevent rust
• Harnessing Solar Energy


  • Scientists may study the principles of photovoltaic cells to understand how sunlight can be converted into electricity
  • Technologists can develop solar panels based on the scientific principles discovered
  • Engineers play their role in designing and implementing large-scale renewable energy systems
• Designing a Water Filtration System

  • Chemical engineers can help develop processes to remove contaminants from water
  • Mechanical engineers design physical components
  • Together, they create a solution to clean drinking water for a community
• Organic Chemistry in Action

  • Scientists study carbohydrates to learn more about how they work
  • Food technologists extract oil from seeds
  • Chemical engineers design oil production equipment and processes so that oil is produced efficiently and safely for cooking
• Plastic Bags


  • Scientists study the small building blocks known as monomers
  • When monomers combine, they form long chains known as polymers
  • Engineers and technicians use these discoveries to create bags that are durable, flexible, and easy to make
• Chemistry


  The study of matter around us
• Branches of chemistry


  • Organic chemistry
  • Inorganic chemistry
  • Physical chemistry
  • Industrial chemistry
  • Environmental chemistry
  • Analytical chemistry
  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Polymer chemistry
• Science


  The study of nature
• Technology


  The application of science
• Engineering


  Implementing scientific and technological knowledge to solve practical problems
• Chemistry is the study of matter around us
• Organic chemistry deals with carbon compounds (except bicarbonates, carbonate oxides, and carbides)
• Inorganic chemistry deals with the elements and their compounds except organic compounds
• Industrial chemistry is concerned with the large-scale production of chemical substances
• Physical chemistry deals with the laws and theories to understand the structure and changes of matter
• Environmental chemistry improves to gauge the behavior of pollutants and develop techniques for pollution control
• Analytical chemistry helps to identify the concentration of a particular solution through titration
• Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the batteries in our vehicles
• Polymer chemistry focuses on the study of polymers, their types, properties, and uses
• Medicinal chemistry focuses on the study of the interaction between drugs and biological targets, as well as the development of new medicinal agents
• Mixture


  A substance formed when two or more substances physically combine
• Mixture


  • Does not contain the same types of particles
  • Particles are chemically different from each other
• Allotropy


  The property of an element to exist in different physical forms
• Allotropes of carbon


  • Diamond
  • Graphite
  • Buckyballs
• Graphite


  • Flat two dimensional layers of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms
  • Weak intermolecular bonds between layers allow them to slide over one another
  • Good conductor of electricity
• Diamond


  • Hardest and purest crystalline allotrope of carbon
  • Each carbon atom covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid network
  • Non-conductor of electricity
• Buckyballs (C-60)


  • Football like fused hollow ring structure made up of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons
  • Each of its 60 carbon atoms are bonded to 3 carbon atoms
• Solution


  A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which one substance is dissolved in the other
• Solute


  The substance that is dissolved
• Solvent


  The substance in which the solute is dissolved
• Solutions


  • Salt solution (salt is solute, water is solvent)
  • Soft drinks (water is solvent, sugar, salts and CO2 are solutes)
  • Air (nitrogen is solvent, oxygen, carbon dioxide and trace gases are solutes)