lesson 4-9 (ECE 1)

• Sociocultural theory


  Recognises the social and cultural influences in a child's environment and relations with adults and peers
• A child's development is highly impacted by his or her immersion in his or her family and the culture, traditions, and values of his or her community and school
• Sociocultural theories


  • Delve into the recognition of learning and development that underscores the social and cultural influences in a child's environment and relations with adults and peers
  • The child is immersed in the life of the community where he or she grows up in
  • He or she lives and practices the traditions and customs and imbibes the values, and all these affect how he or she behaves, thinks, interacts or relates with others, and, most especially, learns
  • He or she learns from culture and this plays a significant role in his or her development
• Lev Vygotsky


  A renowned Russian educational psychologist who gave importance to the child's active participation in the learning environment and the role social interaction has in this process
• How cultural tools are passed on from one person to another

  1. Mimicking or emulating the other

  2. Instructed learning where guidelines are given by the teacher and used to regulate one's own behavior

  3. Collaborative learning where people work hand in hand, cooperating with one another to accomplish a task
• Vygotsky's sociocultural theory elements


  • Private speech that enables children to verbalize to themselves how they will go about planning or guiding themselves in tasks
  • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) which refers to tasks a child can do with the guidance of a more competent, knowledgeable person
  • Scaffolding which is the more knowledgeable person guiding the child to reach their potential level of development
• Bioecological theory


  Focuses on the value and circumstances of a child's surroundings, and how the child interacts with and is affected by their environment as they mature
• Urie Brofenbrenner


  A Russian-born American psychologist who developed the human ecology theory, which focuses on how people mature and develop through varied interactions and relationships with different members of society
• Ecological systems in the bioecological theory

  • Microsystem - where the child engages intimately with people in the home, school, religious communities, and neighborhood
  • Mesosystem - relationships between different microsystems
  • Exosystem - link between two or more ecological systems, with one having either a direct or indirect effect on the other
  • Macrosystem - the all-encompassing system that pertains to the culture, traditions, and values found in the social and cultural context
• Multiple Intelligences (MI) theory


  Intelligence is not just about solving math problems or getting high test scores, but about different abilities and ways of learning and excelling
• Howard Gardner


  A psychologist and educational theorist who posited that the brain had multiple intelligences, not just linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial
• Multiple intelligences


  • Linguistic
  • Logical-Mathematical
  • Visual-Spatial
  • Bodily Kinesthetic
  • Musical
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Naturalistic
• Each person has a unique combination of different intelligences
• Interpersonal Intelligence


  Capacity to interact and relate with different kinds of people
• Intrapersonal Intelligence


  Capacity to reflect and be aware of one's own feelings through processes
• Naturalistic Intelligence


  Capacity to know more about nature
• The child is a product of the environment, but development is directed by a blueprint.
• Maturational-Developmental Theory


  Theory that focuses on how children develop naturally, following defined, predictable stages or patterns of growth but at varying rates and ages
• Maturational-Developmental Theory


  • Internal factors that influence children's development: genetics, personality, physical and cognitive growth
  • External factors that influence children's development: experiences, environment, family and community culture, relationships with adults and peers
• Readiness


  Significance of a neural structure or internal component that has to be present before external factors have an impact to the growth and development
• If a child is not yet ready to learn a specific skill and this skill is taught to the child, he or she will take longer to learn the skill or not learn it at all.
• Gesell fully supports early schooling and underscores the relationship between the teacher and the parents as critical in the early development of children.
• Humanistic Theory


  Theory that gives importance to the child as the expert in the process of learning, and the child's innate desire or motivation to learn that drives him or her to keep progressing
• Hierarchy of Needs


  Theory developed by Abraham Maslow that posits human beings have five needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization
• Deficit Needs


  Basic needs of food, water, shelter, and clothing
• Growth or Being Needs


  Internal needs at the top of the hierarchy that must be fulfilled after the deficit needs
• Self-Concept


  Structured, reliable set of insights or beliefs about oneself, revolving around one's perception of his or her worth, what he or she is, and what he or she can do
• Cognitive Learning


  Learning that revolves around facts and figures
• Experiential Learning


  Learning that focuses on the practical application of knowledge and provides opportunities for learners to experience personal growth and development
• Brain research shows that the brain develops from the time of conception into adulthood, with a million neural connections created every second in the first years of a child's life.
• Consistent and appropriate responses of parents or other caregivers to a baby or a child's needs impact the brain that is developing.
• It is more effortless and efficient to influence the developing brain of an infant than an adult's brain, due to brain plasticity.
• Social capability and emotional security are what cognitive abilities are built upon, and together they form a solid basis for human development.
• Recurring and persistent anxiety in early childhood impacts brain development.