Organelles, microscopes and mitosis

• phases of cell division: interphase, early prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, early telohase, late telophase, cytokinesis
• cells divide bc: replace dead/ damaged cells, reproduce asexually, grow
• end result mitosis: two identicle daughter cells
• where mitosis take place (plant): buds, root tips
• where mitosis take place (animal); stem cells - bone marrow, under skin, lining gut
• what happens interphase: DNA replicates, prepares for division, continual growth
• what happenes cytokinesis: cytoplasm splits
• mitosis is differnt in plant cell bc dont have centrioles so cell plant forms to seperate cells
• in early prophase chromosomes shorten and thicken and centrioles replicate
• in late prophase chromatids join to make chromosomes, nuclear envelope disintegrates, centrioles go to poles
• in metaphase the spindle forms and is anchored at centrioles at poles and chromosomes arrange along equator. in plant cells there arent centrioles but there is a point where anchored
• in anaphase the spindle fibres contract and the centromeres split and chromosomes pulled to poles. is identical grouping of chromosomes at each pole at end
• in early telophase chromatids reach poles, new nuclear membrane forms, rest of cells start to divide
• in late telophase the cytoplasm splits (cytokinesis)
• cells extensions are: microvilli, cillia, flagellum
• microvilli increase surface area
• cilia move materials and are a sensory factor
• flagellum propells the cell
• the nucleus controls cells activity, stores genetic infomation
• the nucleolus is made of RNA, protein and has no membrane
• chromatin fibres are made up of chromosomes
• nuclear pores link to cytoplasm
• cytoplasm is made up 70% water and disolved subtances
• cytoplasm has cytoskeleton
• cytoskeleton helps w cell division and cell movement
• cytosol moves in movement called cyclosis
• cytosol is the matrix of the cytoplasm
• mitochondria provides the cell w energy and ATP which is made in cellular resperation
• mitochondria membranes are semi-permable
• cristae increases surface area for chemical reactions
• ribosymes in mitochondria have enzymes that catalise reactions
• plastids are only found in plant cells
• the three types of plastids are leucoplast, chromoplast, chloroplast
• leucoplast have no colour, store starch and can turn into chloroplast
• chromoplast are yellow/orange/red, they attract animals for pollination and seed dispersal
• chloroplast have green pigment called chlorophyll which help w photosynthesis and chloroplast can turn into chromoplast
• formula for photosynthesis is: radient energy + CO2 + H20 -> glucose + O2
• chloroplast have double semi-permable membrane
• the granum is the grouping of thylakoids
• granum increase the chlorophyll and surface area and storage