chemistry paper 1 - GCSE AQA

• what 3 similar physical properties do all metals have?

  - strong but malleable

  - good conductors of heat and electricity

  - high melting and boiling points
• where are transition metals found in the periodic table?

  between group 2 and 3, the centre of the periodic table
• what 3 properties do transition metals have that other metals don't?


  - can have more than one ion

  - often coloured

  - make good catalysts
• what are Group 1 elements known as?

  alkali metals
• what are the group one metals? (6)

  Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium, Francium
• how reactive are group 1 metals?


  very reactive
• what are 2 physical properties of group 1 metals?

  soft and highly reactive
• what are 3 trends as you go down group 1?

  - increasing reactivity

  - lower m.p and b.p

  - higher relative atomic mass
• what happens when group 1 metals react with water?

  They react vigorously to produce hydrogen gas and metal hydroxides
• what happens when group 1 metals react with chlorine?

  they react vigorously when heated in chlorine gas to form white metal chloride salts
• what is formed when lithium reacts with oxygen

  lithium oxide
• what is formed when sodium reacts with oxygen?

  A mixture of sodium oxide and sodium peroxide
• what is formed when potassium reacts with oxygen?

  A mixture of potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide
• what are group 7 elements known as?

  halogens
• describe fluorine


  A very reactive, poisonous yellow gas
• describe chlorine


  Fairly reactive, poisonous dense green gas
• describe bromine


  A dense, poisonous, red-brown volatile liquid
• describe iodine


  A dark grey crystalline solid or a purple vapour
• what are 3 trends as you go down group 7?

  - decreasing reactivity

  - higher melting and boiling points

  - higher relative atomic masses
• how many electrons do halogens have on their outer shell?

  7
• What bonds do halogens form with metals?

  ionic bonds
• What is a halide?


  a halogen ion
• what are group 0 elements known as?

  noble gases
• how many electrons do group 0 elements have on their outer shell?

  8
• what are 2 trends as you go down group 0?

  - increasing boiling point

  - increasing relative atomic mass
• what is ionic bonding?


  transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals
• what happens when a metal loses an electron?

  it forms a positively charged ion, and the non-metal gains an electron to become negatively charges
• what forces form an ionic bond?

  electrostatic
• What kind of structure do ionic compounds have?

  Giant ionic lattice
• what 3 similar properties do ionic compounds have

  - high melting and boiling points

  - when solid they can't conduct electricity, when melted the free ions carry electric charge

  - some ionic compounds dissolve in water, so the ions separate and carry electric charge
• what is covalent bonding?


  sharing of electrons between non metals
• how many electrons do hydrogen atoms need to form a full shell? what type of bond do they form?

  1 - single covalent
• how many electrons does oxygen need to form a full shell? what type of bond do they form?

  2 - double covalent
• how many electrons does chlorine need to form a full shell? what type of bond do they form?

  1 - single covalent
• how many electrons does nitrogen need to form a full shell? what type of bond do they form?

  3 - triple covalent
• how many electrons does water need to form a full shell? which atoms are bonded?

  2 - oxygen shares electrons with 2 hydrogen atoms
• how many electrons does hydrogen chloride need to form a full shell?

  1
• what is a simple molecular substance?

  A substance made of simple molecules joined together by covalent bonds
• what kind of intermolecular attraction is there in a simple molecular structure?

  weak!
• what are 3 properties of simple molecular substances?

  - low melting and boiling point

  - gases or liquids at room temperature

  - don't conduct electricity as they are not charged