Chap 5 Part 2

• Malcolm Knowles (1984) adopted the term andragogy to differentiate from pedagogy.
• Andragogy refers to the teaching of adults.
• The six key aspects of comparison of pedagogy to andragogy according to Knowles:

  • need to know
  • self-concept
  • role of experience
  • readiness to learn
  • orientation to learning
  • motivation
• Andragogy - primarily internally motivated, with some external motivation
• Andragogy - life-centered or task-centered orientation
• Pedagogy - learn what the teacher wants them to learn
• Pedagogy - the teacher's experience, not the children's, is what counts
• Andragogy - ready to learn when they feel the need to know
• Pedagogy - externally motivated
• Andragogy - need to know why they need to learn something
• Pedagogy - perception of being dependent on the teacher for learning
• Pedagogy - subject-centered orientation
• Pedagogy refers to the teaching of children.
• Pedagogy - must be ready when the teacher says they must or they will not be promoted
• Andragogy - adults learn from each other's experiences
• Andragogy - feel responsible for their own learning
• Robert Gagne - developed the "Conditions of Learning" theory
• Learning Style


  a habitual manner in which learners receive and perceive new information, process it, understand it, value it, store it, and recall it
• Discrimination Learning


  the process wherein the person has to be able to discriminate large numbers of stimulus-response or verbal chains
• Problem Solving


  a process of formulating and testing hypotheses
• Signal Learning


  the person develops a general diffuse reaction to a stimulus (involuntary)
• Verbal Association


  a type of chaining and is easily recognized in the process of learning medical terminology
• Concept Learning


  learning how to classify stimuli into groups represented by a common concept
• Stimulus-Response Learning


  involves developing a voluntary response to a specific stimulus or a combination of stimuli
• Chaining


  the acquisition of a series of related conditioned responses or stimulus-response connections
• Rule


  considered a chain of concepts or a relationship between concepts
• Cognitive


  the highest four order in Gagne's Condition of Learning
• Behavioral


  the lowest four orders in Gagne's Conditions of Learning
• 2 types of thinkers

  • Holistic (Global) Thinkers
  • Analytical Thinkers
• holistic - retain an overall or global view of information
• analytic - perceive information in an objective manner and do not need to connect it to their personal values or experiences
• holistic - wants to see broad categories before the details
• holistic - need to see how information connects to what they already know and value
• analytic - detailed thinkers
• holistic - deductive thinkers
• holistic - want to get the whole picture quickly or get the gist of things
• analytic - process the details of a picture, outlining the component parts in a logical progression
• holistic - not detailed thinkers
• analytic - inductive thinkers
• Verbal Approach - represent, in their brains, information they read, see, or hear in terms of words or verbal associations