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GCSE AQA chemistry
Topic 10
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What do we need and where does it come from?
Oxygen
Water
Food
Clothes
Shelter
Warmth
Electricity
Fuels
for
transport
Medicines
Fertilisers
Metals
Plastic
Air
Rain
(
seawater
and freshwater)
Plants
and
animals
Plants,
animals
,
crude oil
Building materials
such as
limestone
Burning fuels
1. From
oil
2.
Alternative
sources
Obtaining fuels for transport
Burning
fuels from
crude oil
Obtaining medicines and fertilisers
From
crude oil
or
plants
Obtaining air and rain
Plant /
animal waste
,
air
Obtaining metals
Ores
in the
earth's crust
Obtaining
plastic
Chemicals
from
crude oil
Sustainable development
Using resources to meet the
needs
of today without preventing people in the future from meeting their
needs
Reducing use of resources
1.
Reuse
2.
Recycle
- involves product being
melted
down and then the material being
remoulded
into a new product
Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA)
An assessment of the
impact
of a product on the
environment
throughout its
life
Factors considered in LCA
Use
of and
sustainability
of raw materials (including packaging)
Use of
energy
at all stages
Use of
water
at all stages
Production of and disposal of
waste
products
Transportation
and distribution
Types of water
Pure
water
Potable
water
Fresh
water
Ground
water
Sea
water
Waste
water
Potable
water
Water that is
safe
to drink, containing
low
levels of dissolved
solids
and
microbes
Treating potable water in the UK
1.
Filter
to remove
solids
2.
Sterilisation
to kill
microbes
Obtaining potable water from seawater
Desalination
- Distillation or
Reverse osmosis
Treating waste water
1.
Screening
and
grit
removal
2.
Sedimentation
3. Aerobic treatment
4.
Anaerobic
treatment of sludge
Gold alloys
Measure of
purity
is carats
21
carat gold is
87.5
% pure gold
Types of steel
High
carbon steel
Low
carbon steel
Stainless
steel
Methods to
prevent
corrosion
Surface
coating
Sacrificial
protection
Extracting copper from low-grade ores
1.
Phytomining
2.
Bioleaching
3.
Leaching
Obtaining copper from solutions
1.
Electrolysis
2.
Displacement
reaction using
scrap iron
/steel
Other materials
Polymers
(thermosoftening and thermosetting)
Glass
Clay
ceramics
Composites
Haber
process
Used to produce
ammonia
Reactants are
nitrogen
and
hydrogen
Reaction is
reversible
Conditions used in industry for the Haber process are:
Temperature
,
Pressure,
Catalyst
Making NPK fertilisers
1. Contain
nitrogen
, phosphorus and
potassium
compounds
2.
Ammonium nitrate
is a common ingredient
3.
Potassium salts
and
calcium phosphate
are other sources