Respiratory and Excretory System in Human and Animals

• ventilation- the process of moving air in and out of lungs
• pulmonary gas exchange- gas is exchanged between the air and the blood in the alveoli of the lungs
• gas transport- oxygen gas is delivered from the pulmonary capillaries to the peripheral capillaries in the body's issues
• peripheral gas exchange- gas is exchanged between the blood and the cells of the body
• lenticels- white marks left by stomata in woody stems
• vascular system- involves the movement of fluids that transports gases, nutrients, and other materials to the cells of the organism
• osmoregulation- active regulation of body fluids and ion balance in an organism
• Osmoconformers- allows the osmolarity of their body fluids to match that of the environment
• osmoregulators- keep the osmolarity of body fluids different from that of the environment through discharging water in a hypotonic
• nitrogenous wastes- compounds resulted from metabolic reactions of proteins and nucleic acids
• ammonia- primary nitrogenous waste for aquatic invertebrates
• urea- commonly produced by terrestrial animals and formed by combining ammonia and bicarbonate ion
• uric acid- excreted by birds, insects, and terrestrial reptiles and relatively non toxic but more energetically expensive to produce than urea
• excretory system- regulates the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients
• cell surface or cell membrane- allows passage of waste in unicellular organisms
• contractile vacuole- a specialized cytoplasmic organelle in many freshwater protists that expels excess water out of the cell to prevent lysis
• protonephridia or flame bulb system- a network of tubules that lack internal openings but have external openings at the body surface called nephridiopores
• metanephridia- the excretory tubule of most annelids and adult mollusks
• malpighian tubules- excretory system of insects and other terrestrial arthropods attached to their digestive tract
• renal capsule- the outer coat of connective tissue that covers the surface of each kidney
• cortex- the zone near the capsule made up of blood vessels and nephrons
• medulla- inner zone also made up of blood vessels and nephrons
• nephrons- the functional unit of the kidney where urine is formed
• renal pelvis- central cavity in the kidney where urine coming from the nephrons is stationed before going to the ureter
• bowman's capsule- an in folded region that encloses a ball of blood capillaries called glomerulus where initial filtration of the blood plasma occurs
• renal tubules- receive and modify the glomerular filtrate
• peritubular capillaries- bring substances to and take substances away from the renal tubules
• collecting duct- receives the urine from the renal tubule leading to the renal pelvis
• filtration- the phase in which blood pressure forces filtrate out of the capillaries
• tubular reabsorption- useful materials such as salts, water, glucose and amino acids move out from the renal tubules and into adjacent peritubular capillaries
• tubular secretion- results in the movement of surplus hydrogen and potassium ions, uric acid, toxins, and other drugs from the blood into the renal tubules