L1-RESEARCH

• Design is a word which means a plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind. It is a result of a mental activity characterized by unfixed formation of something but an extensive interconnection of things.
• Design serves as a blueprint or a skeletal framework of your research study.
• A choice of a research design requires you to finalize your mind on the purpose, philosophical basis, and types of data of your research, including your method of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting the data.
• Chapter 3 of a research study typically focuses on the research methodology, which includes the research design, participants, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures.
• Research Design: The ------ should be clearly described, including the type of study (e.g., experimental, correlational, case study) and the rationale for choosing this design. You should also discuss the variables being measured and how they will be manipulated or observed. It's important to consider the internal and external validity of your study design.
• Participants: Describe the sampling strategy and the characteristics of the participants, including their demographics and any relevant inclusion/exclusion criteria. Also, provide information on the recruitment process, informed consent, and any incentives provided to participants.
• Data Collection: Describe the ------- methods, including any instruments used (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations) and how they were validated. You should also describe the procedures for administering the instruments and any measures taken to ensure the quality of the data (e.g., inter-rater reliability).
• Data Analysis: Describe the procedures used to analyze the data, including any statistical tests or software used. Also, discuss the criteria for interpreting the results and any potential limitations of the analysis.
• Ethical Considerations: Discuss any ------ that were taken into account in the study design and implementation, including confidentiality, privacy, and informed consent.
• DATA COLLECTION —the method of collecting and interpreting information based on specific variables. These help answer questions and analyze results set forth in a research. The goal remains the same and that is to gather evidence that will lead  to the creation of credible and unbiased response to the questions posed by the research.
• INTERVIEW —these are used for qualitative researches and may be conducted in person or over other means such as telephones, email or video conferencing. It may be formal, informal or semi-structures. Questions provided during an ------ must be well-defined and open-ended.
• DOCUMENTS and RECORDS —these entail the examination of data to various forms such as reports, newsletters, newspapers etc.
• QUESTIONNAIRES and SURVEYS —these may be quantitatively analyzed by giving numerical values to scales.
• OBSERVATIONS —the most basic method of gathering or collecting information is by carefully watching the person, thing or situation over a period of time. Allows the subject to behave based on the changing aspects of a situation. This may be done by taking a video of the subject.
• FOCUS GROUP —these are done in group wherein the individuals share a common element. This is used to gather information based on collective opinion. The responses of the focus group are usually grouped and analyzed based on a certain category.
• ETHNOGRAPHIES, ORAL HISTORY and CASE STUDIES —these techniques incorporate an amalgamation of various techniques such as observation, interviews and surveys. These are used to study a single phenomenon in its natural setting.
• BASIC —fundamental or pure research, focused on scientific question. To expand man’s understanding of the world. This type of research has no trade value because it is not meant to invent something.
• CORRELATIONAL —focuses on the statistical link between two or more variables. This one does not focus on the cause or effect of the discussed issue but meant to establish the connection among variables that do not easily appear to be closely related
• DESCRIPTIVE —highlights the characteristics of a specific individual, condition or unit. Utilize to come up with new categories of ideas, descriptions of concepts that exist or the occurrence of events in order to examine the impact that these have on the people. Done with a variety of statistical research.
• ETHNOGRAPHIC —examination of a specific culture through a comprehensive study of the members of the group. Data for ------- research usually focuses on participant observations, interviews and questionnaires responses. Meant to understand and interpret the experiences of the cultural group
• EXPERIMENTAL —used for coming up with forecasts. Objective and systematic research used to control phenomena and examine the connection among various variables. Because it is a controlled research, it is almost always artificially set-up.
• HISTORICAL —involves the analysis of events from the distant or recent past. Used to highlight historical patterns that can be used to help understand past solutions and their effects on the present or the future.
• CASE STUDY —an exhaustive study of a specific problem. Useful in understanding or knowing about issues or phenomena that are unfamiliar. Also useful in assessing theories and their application to the real world. Give a clearer understanding or complex issues through contextual analysis of number of specific incidents.
• ACTION —is spearheaded by the individual or group involved and is used to assist their improvement. Initially, it starts as an investigative activity wherein issues are understood. After determining these issues, interventions are introduced.
• Qualitative research is usually aimed at studying a phenomenon in its natural setting. Hence, the complexity of the phenomenon should be properly studied. It focuses capturing data from the source by observation or interview. Data collection and analysis is usually time-consuming.
• In Quantitative research you do a great deal of abstraction and scientific or logical thinking. It aims to establish or validate relationships and to develop generalizations from the relationships. It is generally more objective as data collected undergo statistical analysis.
• CASE STUDY - To do a research study based on this research design is to describe a person, a thing, or any creature on Earth for the purpose of explaining the reasons behind the nature of its existence.
• HISTORICAL STUDY - This tells you the right research method to determine the reasons for changes or permanence of things in the physical world in a certain period (i.e., years, decades, or centuries).
• PHENOMENOLOGY -  A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person. It is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that naturally occur in your life such as death, joy, friendship, caregiving, defeat, victory, and the like.
• Grounded Theory - A research study adhering to a ----- research designs aims at developing a theory to increase your understanding of something in a psycho-social context.
• EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN - Bases its research method on scientific activity called experiment, in which a test or examination of a thing under a manipulated or controlled environment is done to determine the validity or truthfulness of such thing
• The experimental group on which the condition, treatment, or intervention is applied and the control group that is not given any treatment or condition
• True Experimental Design - What proves this as a ------ is its random selection of participants. It is a bias-free selection that ensures objectivity of result. This design is the best way to examine causal relationships.
• • Quasi-experimental Design -Quasi (pronounced as kwahz-eye) means partly, partially, pseudo, or almost
• The non-adherence of this research design to random selection of participants is the reason it got the name quasi-experimental research, which means a research with the capacity to yield findings that are seemingly or more or less true. Prone to bias caused by your purposive, rather than random selection of participants , quasi-experimental design is incapable of establishing cause-effect relationships.
• NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN - Is a quantitative research design that is capable of giving qualitative and quantitative data, but more on qualitative data; hence, this is often used in the field of social sciences. Shuns controlling variables. Instead, it involves variables the way they naturally exist on earth.
• Descriptive - depicts an image or a picture of an individual or a group
• Comparative - states the differences or similarities between or among people, things, objects, etc.
• Correlative - shows the extent and direction of variable relationships, that is, whether a negative or positive relationship exists between or among them
• Survey - describes the attitudes, preferences, views, feelings, and other behavioral patterns of a big number of people for arriving at a certain conclusion about societal concerns and issues.