CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

• What do blood vessels do in the circulatory system?

  Network of tubes
• What are the layers of the heart?

  • Endocardium
  • Myocardium
  • Epicardium
  • Pericardium
• What are the chambers of the heart?

  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
• What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

  Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
• What types of valves are found in the heart?

  • AV valves: Tricuspid, Mitral
  • Semilunar valves: Pulmonary, Aortic
• What are the three circulatory pathways?

  • Pulmonary circulation: heart ↔ lungs
  • Systemic circulation: heart ↔ body tissues
  • Coronary circulation: heart muscle blood supply
• What is the function of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?

  Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
• What percentage of body weight does blood constitute?

  7–8%
• What is the lifespan of Neutrophils?

  ~6 hours–7 days
• What is the lifespan of Monocytes?

  ~1–3 days
• What is the lifespan of Eosinophils?

  8–12 days
• What is the total blood volume in males?

  ~5–6 L
• What are the major functions of the circulatory system?

  • Transportation: gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes
  • Protection: immunity, clotting
  • Homeostasis: pH balance, fluid balance, thermoregulation
• What percentage of blood is made up of White Blood Cells (WBCs)?

  <1%
• What is the lifespan of Lymphocytes?

  Months to years
• What is the lifespan of Basophils?

  Few hours–days
• What is the lifespan of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?

  ~120 days
• What is blood's function in the circulatory system?

  Transport medium
• What are the types of circulatory systems in animals?

  • Gastrovascular cavity: cnidarians, flatworms
  • Open system: insects, arthropods, mollusks (hemolymph)
  • Closed system: vertebrates; efficient transport
• What is the total blood volume in females?

  ~4–5 L
• What is the composition of blood?

  • Plasma (55%): 90–92% water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, wastes
  • Formed Elements (45%): RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
• What percentage of blood is made up of Platelets?

  <1%
• What are the types of circulation in vertebrates?

  • Single circulation: fishes (2 chambers)
  • Double circulation: amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds
  • Amphibians: 3 chambers
  • Reptiles: 3–4 chambers
  • Mammals & Birds: 4 chambers
• What is the function of White Blood Cells (WBCs)?

  Immunity and defense
• What is the lifespan of Platelets?

  ~8–10 days
• What is the function of Platelets?

  Clotting (hemostasis)
• What are the types of blood vessels?

  • Arteries: thick walls, carry blood away (usually oxygenated)
  • Arterioles: regulate flow into capillaries
  • Capillaries: one-cell thick; exchange gases, nutrients, wastes
  • Venules: collect blood from capillaries
  • Veins: thin walls, valves present, carry blood toward heart (usually deoxygenated)
• What are the main components of the circulatory system?

  Heart, blood, blood vessels
• What is the heart's role in the circulatory system?

  Muscular pump
• What percentage of blood is made up of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?

  ~44%