AP Human Geography

• Goode's interrupted projection


  + size, - interrupts oceans
• Demographic Transition Model


  Purpose: to show how a country's population changes over time
• Isogloss


  Boundaries of word usage
• Sense of place


  Connection to a specific place
• Anatolian Hearth Theory


  Spread by trade/farming, pastoral nomadism, transhumance, Turkey
• Robinson projection


  Best compromise
• Mental maps


  Maps using your prior experiences
• Greying population


  Elderly, strains infrastructure and hold political power
• Remote sensing


  Satellite images
• Contagious diffusion


  Spread by proximity, ex. trade/missionaries
• Refugees


  Flee due to war/natural disaster, close and temporary
• Culture


  Comprises of language, traditions, religions
• Cultural relativism


  Viewing a culture from their perspective and not only yours
• Ethnocentrism

  Belief that your ethnicity is superior
• Cultural landscape


  How a culture affects the terroir (connection to the environment)
• Placemaking


  Creating cultural importance in a place
• Shatter belt


  Area of conflict
• Centripetal


  Positive forces that bring people together (multiethnic states)
• Relocation diffusion


  Culture spreading through migration, leads to chain migration, ethnic enclaves, expansion
• Centrifugal


  Negative forces that tear people apart (multinational states, balkanization)
• Assimilation


  The individual moves to a new area and they change
• Language tree


  Purpose: to understand how languages are connected
• Kurgan Nomadic Warrior Thesis


  Indo-European language family spread by war/conquest, Central Asia, hearth of horses
• Ethnic religion

  Don't want to diffuse, ex. Hinduism, Shintoism
• State

  A country, permanent population, recognized boundaries, sovereignty
• Multiethnic state

  Many cultures that come together voluntarily, centripetal, multiculturalism, ex. USA, switzerland, germany (all are federal - shared power)
• Multinational state


  Many cultures forced together, centrifugal, balkanization (falls apart) → devolution (baby countries) → irredentism (big countries take back smaller countries)
• TFR: total fertility rate

  Amount of children a woman will have in her lifetime
• GIS

  Geographic information systems, layer info on/off map, Google Maps
• Dependency ratio


  Amount of taxpayers to non-taxpayers, young = under 18, old = 65 and over
• Agricultural density


  Amount of farmers (per arable land)
• Examples of TFR

  • 5.5 = LDCs w/ IMR and MMR
  • 2.5 = stable NICs
  • 1.3 = old MDCs
• Intervening obstacles

  Distance, xenophobia
• Formal region


  Broad areas (big) with a common culture, economy, and climate, ex. Western Europe, SW Asia, Latin America
• Brandt line

  The north/south divide (north = MDCs, south = LDCs)
• Thematic maps


  Maps with information
• Asylum seekers

  Seeking safety permanently, far
• IDP

  Internally displaced people, fleeing war or natural disaster within their own country
• Sequent occupancy

  When multiple cultures have been/occupied the same location, ex. USA, Turkey, Jerusalem
• Multiculturalism

  Many cultures coexisting peacefully