Biomolecules chem 10

• Organic compounds

  Complex organic molecules that join together to form life
• Lifeless


  Chemical components like carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and nucleic acids
• Complex organic molecules


  Join together to form life
• Chemical components of life

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Vitamins
  • Nucleic acids
• Formation of life


  1. Complex organic molecules join together

  2. To form life
• Carbohydrates


  Small, important organic compounds
• Carbohydrates


  • Contain C, H, O
  • Optically active
  • Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
• Physical properties of carbohydrates

  Crystalline, water-soluble, sweet taste
• Types of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  Cannot be hydrolyzed further
• Monosaccharides


  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
• Disaccharides


  Yield two monosaccharide units on hydrolysis
• Polysaccharides


  Yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Glycogen
• Reducing sugars


  Contain a free aldehyde or ketone group
• Non-reducing sugars


  Do not contain a free aldehyde or ketone group
• Glucose


  Colorless crystalline solid, sweet, found in grapes, honey, and starch
• Reactions of glucose


  1. Hydrolysis

  2. Oxidation

  3. Reduction
• D and L notation

  Based on the configuration of the penultimate carbon
• Alpha and beta glucose


  Differ in the configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1
• Fructose


  A sweet, crystalline, water-soluble compound found in fruits
• Glycosidic linkage


  Formed by the loss of a water molecule between two monosaccharides
• Disaccharides


  Composed of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic linkage
• Polysaccharides


  Large molecules composed of many monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic linkages
• Starch is the main storage carbohydrate in plants
• Cellulose is the main structural component of plant cell walls
• Carbohydrates


  Mainly act as food storage and structural materials
• Carbohydrates


  • Starch
  • Glycogen
• Starch


  Main storage for energy in plants
• Glycogen


  Main storage for energy in animals, found in muscles, liver and brain
• Amino acids


  Contain amine group, carboxylic acid group, and side chain, behave like salts, have high melting point
• Isoelectric point


  Particular pH where amino acid has no net charge
• Classification of amino acids

  • Based on number of functional groups
  • Based on polarity
• Peptide bond


  Bond that links amino acids in a polypeptide chain
• Primary structure of proteins

  Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
• Secondary structure of proteins

  Alpha helix and beta sheet structures held together by hydrogen bonds
• Quaternary structure of proteins

  Special arrangement of subunits in a protein
• Denaturation of proteins


  Changes to the secondary and tertiary structure that cause loss of biological activity
• Enzymes


  Highly specific and reactive biological catalysts that work under mild conditions
• Nucleic acids

  Colorless complex compounds of sugar, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases