Development of witchcraft

• Printing revolution for 1420-1520
• Increased publication in Germany from 1518-1524 by x7
• Heretical groups include the Kollard and cathars
• pope John XXII inquisition on witchcraft as a form of heresay
• pope innocent VIII papal bull 1484 allowing torture for witch evidence
• Witchcraft spike in central and Western Europe form 1560-1660
• 1560 'six books of discussion on witchcraft' by Martin del Rio
• durer wood carving of witch riding backwards on goat
• Grien work show the sexual power of women
• Daemonologie written by James VI of England in 1596
• Malleus maleficarum by Kramer and sprenger in 1486 based on s Germany
• Increased in witch persecution form 1490-1520 probably due to plague
• Decrease persecution in 1520 when plague over
• Malleus malefIcarus reprinted 13 times before 1520
• French War of religion 1562-98
• Religious division in Germany, France, Scotland and Poland
• Border states and minority of other religion lead to persecution. Like catholic prince bishop dorenheim of Protestant bamberg
• Italy, Spain and Scandinavia has homogenous rebellious belief so less persecution
• Macfarlane thesis of personal pity due to reformation 1517
• Elizabeth Matlock was an accused healer in Cambridgeshire in 1560
• Gilly Duncan was an accused healer in East Lothian 1650
• Appoline behr was an accused healer in Lorraine France in 1580
• There was a change from feudalism to capitalism
• in Milan witches persecuted due to disease
• In Geneva 80 witches were killed sue to poor weather
• 1630 peak prosecution during new plague outbreak
• 1633-36 Germany witch declined due to the plague
• s.Germany 1590, Duke of bavaria executed 63 witches for weather magic 1589-1591
• Holy Roman Empire had poor weather leading to witch hunts in 1600, 1611, 1616-18
• Franconia had bad weather leading to witch hunts in 1630, the witches were interrogated on how they made frost
• Peak of bad weather with witch hunts in 1629
• Little ice age was 80 years before witch hunting started
• burn in Switzerland 1395-1405 during Turk war had early witch accusations
• German catholic conquest in 1620s
• English civil war in 1640s
• Mathew Hopkins in 1640s quotes Exodus in bible to defend witch-hunting
• The Book of Revelation increased witch anxiety in Scotland and Salam
• Calvinist Switzerland excecuted 3000 of being witches
• The Elizabethan Poor Law in 1601 distinguishes the deserving from the undeserving poor, people accused one they didn't give charity to because of guilt
• Witch hunts in Trier 1580s Archbishop Schonenberg wanted to purge the diocese of witches, plus Jews and Protestants