ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY

• Reproduction avoids extinction
• Reproduction


  Biological process where organisms have the ability to produce another of their kind (same species)
• Heredity


  Passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
• Fertilization


  Union of reproductive cells or gametes
• Types of Reproduction


  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction


  1. Does not require fertilization

  2. Results in a clone of the parent

  3. No genetic diversity
• Sexual Reproduction


  Involves the union of gametes (egg and sperm)
• Types of Pollination


  • Self-Pollination
  • Cross Pollination

  
• Types of Fertilization


  • External Fertilization
  • Internal Fertilization
• Plant Life Cycle


  Alternation of generations (haploid → diploid)

  
• Gametophyte


  Haploid multicellular organism
• Sporophyte


  Diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of plant or algae
• Some organisms can reproduce both asexually and sexually
• All organisms need energy to perform various life processes
• Nutrition


  Process of providing or obtaining food necessary for the health, survival, and growth of an organism
• Processes of Nutrition in Animals

  1. Ingestion

  2. Digestion

  3. Absorption

  4. Assimilation

  5. Egestion
• Nutrients


  Substances that provide energy for the organism's metabolic processes such as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and even immunity
• Types of Nutrients


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Fats/Lipids
• Calories


  Measure of energy in food
• Types of Organisms According to Nutrition

  • Autotrophic
  • Heterotrophic
• Autotrophic Organisms


  Organisms that can produce their own food
• Types of Autotrophic Organisms

  • Photoautotrophic
  • Chemoautotrophic
• Heterotrophic Organisms


  Organisms that cannot produce their own food
• Types of Heterotrophic Organisms

  • Saprophytic (Decomposers)
  • Parasitic
  • Holozoic
• Types of Holozoic Organisms

  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
• Aquatic organisms


  • Fishes
  • (even if they live in water, they still need oxygen)
• Tracheal systems


  Composed of a series of respiratory tubes that carry gases directly to cells
• Tracheal systems


  • Insects
  • Centipedes
  • Arachnids
• Spiracles


  Where oxygen enters the body of insects
• Tracheae


  Tubes connected to spiracles that carry oxygen into tissues and cells of insects
• Insect blood


  • Only used for transport of nutrients, not oxygen
  • Unlike humans and most animals with red blood the circulatory and respiratory systems of insects are not connected with each other
• Alveoli


  Air sacs covered with capillaries where gas exchange occurs
• Gas exchange in plants

  Mainly occurs in the leaves of plants, specifically the stomata
• Stomata


  • Specialized pores of plants where gas enters
  • Water vapor can also escape from this structure through a process called transpiration (water exits the plant on the stomata due to evaporation)
• Guard cells


  Regulate the opening and closing of the stomata
• Stoma open


  When there's an increased turgor pressure due to the increased amount of water inside
• Stoma closed


  When there's a decreased turgor pressure
• Circulatory system


  • Transports the fluid or blood which is contained in the blood vessels (veins, arteries, and capillaries)
  • Allows important biological fluids to be transported around the organism
• Heart


  • Muscular organ about the size of a fist
  • Located behind slightly left of the breastbone
  • An adult heart pumps about 5 liters per minute at rest
• Arteries


  Carry blood with oxygen AWAY from the heart to different parts of the body and ultimately to the capillaries