NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

• The nervous system also enables very complex interactions with people and the environment.
• •         It exerts unconscious (involuntary movements) control over basic body functions such as: respiration, temperature regulation, and movement coordination.
• This unique feature distinguishes and set the human species apart from the rest of creation, this ability known as CONSIOUSNESS or INTELLIGENCE.
• the brain is found within the cranium or skull
• Central Nervous System is made up of two major structures: the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
• 1.      CEREBRUM

  -          largest section of brain

  -          it is divided in to 2 major hemisphere (the right and left hemisphere)
• FRONTAL LOBE – responsible for reasoning and thought
• PARIETAL LOBE – integrates sensory information
• TEMPORAL LOBE – process auditory information frinformation
• -          OCCIPITAL LOBE – responsible for visual information from the eyes
• 1.      CEREBELLUM

  -          second section of the brain

  -          located below the cerebrum and above its 1st cervical of the neck.

  -          located in the back of the head

  -        is responsible for muscle coordination, balance, posture, and muscle tone.
• DIENCEPHALON

  -          found between in the cerebrum and the midbrain

  -          it contains two structures: THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS
• -          hypothalamus controls and regulates Autonomy Nervous System (ANS) such as temperature, appetite, water, balance, sleep, and blood vessel constriction and dilation. It also plays a role in emotions of individuals such as: anger, fear, pleasure, pain, and affection.

   
• 1.      MIDBRAIN

  -          located at the top of the brainstem

  -          located below the cerebrum

  -          responsible for eye and auditory reflexes.
• PONS

  -          located below the midbrain in brainstem.

  -          responsible for certain reflex actions such as chewing and saliva production.
• 1.      MEDULLA OBLONGATA

  -          lowest part of the brainstem / located at the bottom part of the brainstem and it connects to the spinal cord.

  -          responsible for regulating heart and blood vessel function, digestion, respiration, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and blood pressure.

  -          it is also known as the CENTER FOR RESPIRATION
• •         The AFFERENT SPINAL NERVES carries information from the body to the brain.
• •         EFFERENT SPINAL NERVES carries information from the brain to the body.
• There’s a system that regulates the functions of the central nervous system, which lie outside it’s major components the brain in the spinal cord, the system is called PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
• •         Peripheral Nervous System is subdivided into two system: (1) Somatic Nervous System (2) Autonomic Nervous System
• •         Somatic Nervous System is responsible for carrying motor and sensory information. Both to and from the central nervous system.
• The structures that allows to happen between the nerves throughout the body in the central nervous system are known as afferent sensory neurons and efferent motor neurons.
• •         The Afferent neurons take information from the nerves to the Central Nervous System.
• •         The Efferent Neurons take information from the Central Nervous System to the muscle fibers throughout the body.
• Autonomic Nervous System is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
• •         Sympathetic nervous system is vital to our survival.

  •         it is the “Fight or Flight” response. To revs up the body to either defend yourself or escape the threat.
• •         Parasympathetic nervous system is the counterbalance the sympathetic response to danger, whether real or imagine. Once the threat is gone, the parasympathetic brings all the systems of the body back to normal.
• CN II optic - optic nerves is primarily responsible for vision
• 1.      CN VI abducens - Movement of the eyeball
• 1.      CN V trigeminal - Sensation in face, scalp, and teeth; contraction of chewing muscles
• 1.      CN IV trochlear - Movement of eyeball
• 1.      CN VII Facial - Sense of taste; contraction of facial muscles; secretion of saliva
• 1.      CN VIII acoustic/vestibulocochlear - Sense of hearing; sense of equilibrium
• 1.      CN IX glossopharyngeal - Sense of taste; sensory for cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes; contraction of pharynx; secretion of saliva
• 1.      CN X vagus - Sensory in cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes; sensory and motor to larynx (speaking); decreases heart rate; contraction of alimentary tube (peristalsis); increases digestive secretions
• 1.      CN XI spinal accessory - Contraction of neck and shoulder muscles; motor to larynx (speaking)
• 1.      CN XII hypoglossal - Movement of tongue
• •         Achilles – L5 to S2
• •         Patella – L2 to L4
• •         Bicep tendon – C5 to C6