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• Literature review


  A piece of academic writing demonstrating knowledge and understanding of the academic literature on a specific topic placed in context
• Literature review


  Includes a critical evaluation of the material; this is why it is called a literature review rather than a literature report
• Reference citation


  The documentation needed to make your paper acceptable for academic purposes
• APA style (American Psychological Association)


  Uses the author/date method of citation in which the author's last name and the year of the publication are inserted in the actual text of the paper
• Various style manuals

  • APA - American Psychological Association
  • MLA - Modern Language Association
  • Chicago Style - Chicago Manual of Style
  • Turabian Style - based on Chicago Style
  • Harvard Referencing System
  • ASA - American Sociological Association
  • CBE - Council of Biology Editors
• APA publish instructions for authors on how to prepare manuscripts for publication in psychology journals

  1929
• Research


  An organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions
• Population


  The totality of subjects (people, animals, or objects) under consideration
• Sample


  The portion chosen from a population, the process of taking samples is called sampling

  
• Why sample?

  • Sampling can save money
  • Sampling can save time
  • Permits the researcher to work with a more manageable group size
  • The study's findings can be generalized back to the total population with inferential statistics
• Random sampling techniques


  • Simple random sampling
  • Systematic sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Cluster sampling
  • Multistage sampling

  
• Non-random sampling techniques


  • Convenience sampling
  • Purposive sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Snowball sampling
  • Judgmental sampling
  • Volunteer sampling

  
• Parameter


  A number that describes the population, usually unknown and estimated only by a corresponding statistic computed from the sample data
• Statistic


  A number that describes a sample, a random variable which depends on a particular sample data, can be used to estimate an unknown parameter
• Simple Random Sampling


  Members of the population are given an equal and independent chance of being selected into the study group
• Simple Random Sampling

  
  

  - Members of the population are given an equal and

  independent chance of being selected into the study

  group. (Lottery Method (Fishbowl Technique
• Systematic Sampling


  • Convenient and relatively easy to administer
  • Population elements are an ordered sequence (at least, conceptually)
  • The first sample element is selected randomly from the first k population elements
  • Thereafter, sample elements are selected at a constant interval, k, from the ordered sequence frame
• Stratified Sampling


  • The population is divided into subgroups (strata) chosen by the researcher
  • Stratified sampling can be proportional or non-proportional
  • In proportional sampling, the participants are chosen in proportion to the number in each subgroup
  • Non-proportional sampling occurs when the response weight of the subgroup is not a factor
• Cluster Sampling


  • Population is divided into non-overlapping clusters or areas
  • Each cluster is a miniature, or microcosm, of the population
  • Cluster sampling works well wherever there are natural divisions, or clusters, in a population
• Types of Cluster Sampling


  • One-stage sampling (All of the elements within selected clusters are included in the sample)
  • Two-stage sampling (A subset of elements within selected clusters are randomly selected for inclusion in the sample)
• Multistage Sampling


  A complex form of cluster sampling in which two or more levels of units are embedded one in the other
• Convenience Sampling


  A type of nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population which is close to hand, readily available and convenient
• Purposive Sampling


  • A sampling technique in which researcher relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of population to participate in the study
  • Also known as judgment, selective or subjective sampling
• Purposive Sampling


  • Tsunami victims, World War 2 veterans, past drug users

  A sampling technique in which researcher relies on his

  or her own judgment when choosing members of

  population to participate in the study.

  - This is used primarily when there is a limited number

  of people that have expertise in the area being

  researched.

  - Also known as judgment, selective or subjective

  sampling.
• Quota Sampling


  • The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive subgroups, just as in stratified sampling
  • Then judgment used to select subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion
• Snowball Sampling


  • Existing study subjects are used to recruit more subjects into the sample
  • Also known as chain-referral sampling
• Judgmental sampling


  • Subjects are chosen to be part of the sample with a specific purpose in mind
  • More commonly known as purposive sampling
• Volunteer Sampling


  • Involves people who self-select into the survey
  • Often, these folks have a strong interest in the main topic of the survey
• Sampling


  A small group of people or things taken from a larger group and used to represent the larger group
• Sampling

  1. Selecting units, like people or organizations, from a population of interest

  2. Studying the sample to generalize results back to the population from which they were chosen
• Music evokes a part of us
• Music


  An excellent way for humans to express their emotions and sentiments
• Music has the power to arouse certain feelings in the listener
• Music activates a specific part of our brain depending on the music genre we listen to
• Music


  An indispensable component of humanity, classified as an essential part of a culture
• Music can relax a person's body and mind
• Music had been proven to have a vital role in early language acquisition
• Music dramatically boosts the language learning of an individual
• Music has been used as a teaching tool for many years in the field of acquiring a new language
• Music

  A catalyst for improving academic skills such as vocabulary and grammar and developing shown language ability