GEN BIO FINAL

• Centrioles


  • Site for cell division
• Each minute, 300 million of your body cells die
• Cells which are frequently replaced

  • Skin cells/tissue
  • White blood cell
• Cells which are replaced slowly

  • Red blood cells
  • Neurons
• Growth


  An irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts or even of an individual cell
• Growth is accompanied by metabolic processes (both anabolic and catabolic), that occur at the expense of energy
• Plants do not have organs like lungs for breathing nor do they have a circulatory system in place to transport the gases to all cells of the plant
• Plant growth


  • Plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth throughout their life
  • Due to the presence of meristems at certain locations in their body
  • Cells of such meristems have the capacity to divide and self-perpetuate

  
• Plants do require oxygen for respiration to occur and they also need to expel the carbon dioxide produced during the process
• Conditions for growth


  • Water
  • Oxygen
  • Nutrients
  • Optimum temperature range
• Gaseous exchange in plants

  1. Stomata and lenticels

  2. Epidermis has tiny pores called stomata that control transpiration and gas exchange with the air

  3. During the day when photosynthesis occurs, the oxygen released from the process is utilized for respiration

  
• Plasticity


  The ability of plants to follow different pathways in response to environment or phases of life to form different kinds of structures
• Gas exchange


  The process whereby water vapor and oxygen leave and carbon dioxide enters plant leaves
• Heterophylly


  • In cotton, coriander and larkspur
  • In buttercup
• The gaseous balance in plants is quite complex because plant cells carry on both respiration and photosynthesis

  
• Processes to compare and contrast in plants and animals

  • Reproduction
  • Development
  • Nutrition
  • Gas exchange
  • Transport/circulation
  • Regulation of body fluids
  • Chemical and nervous control
  • Immune systems
  • Sensory and motor mechanisms
• Gas exchange in plants vs animals

  • Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the atmosphere, exchange of gases occurs through stomata
  • Animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which occurs through lungs, gills, skin, etc.

  
• Sprout


  Each seed contains a small parcel of nutrients that is all they need to germinate and begin growing their first pair of leaves
• The nutrients used by animals include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, minerals, and vitamins
• Gaseous exchange in plants

  1. Lenticels on outer surfaces of thick woody stems and pericarp (fruit covers)

  2. Roots perform gaseous exchange directly with the help of root hairs by diffusion through their cell membranes

  3. Respiration in plants is quite different from animals in the fact that every part of the plant has its own mechanism of gaseous exchange and the gases are not transported from one part of the plant to the other

  4. Plants require much less oxygen for their metabolism compared to animals, so the rate of respiration is much slower in plants
• Carbohydrates


  The basic source of energy for all animals. Animals obtain their carbohydrates from the external environment (compared with plants, which synthesize carbohydrates by photosynthesis)
• Seedling


  As plants' roots develop and spread, a boost of quickly absorbed, well-balanced nutrients fuels the rapid growth from spindly seedling to healthy plant

  
• In animals, gas exchange follows the same general pattern as in plants, with oxygen and carbon dioxide moving by diffusion across moist membranes

  
• About one-half to two-thirds of the total calories every animal consumes daily are from carbohydrates
• Glucose


  The carbohydrate most often used as an energy source. This monosaccharide is metabolized during cellular respiration, and part of the energy is used to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• In simple animals, the gas exchange occurs directly with the environment, but with complex animals such as mammals, the exchange occurs between the environment and the blood

  
• Vegetative


  Nitrogen is a key component of chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants, so it's the critical nutrient when their energy is focused on growing stalks and foliage
• Transportation in animals and plants

  Deals with the transport of food, water and gases to various parts of the body, and the transport of waste products towards kidney and intestine
• Other useful carbohydrates


  • Maltose
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
  • Starch
• Breathing in humans


  1. Involuntary event

  2. Respiratory center in the brain tightly regulates how often a breath is taken and how much air is inhaled or exhaled

  3. Normal breathing is approximately 15 times per minute

  4. Inhalation fills the lungs with oxygenated air, exhalation rushes out deoxygenated air

  5. Oxygenated air crosses the lung tissue, enters the bloodstream, and travels to organs and tissues

  6. Oxygen (O2) enters the cells where it is used for metabolic reactions that produce ATP

  7. Metabolic reactions release carbon dioxide (CO2) as a by-product, which exits the cells, enters the bloodstream, travels back to the lungs, and is expired out of the body during exhalation

  
• Budding


  Phosphorus is in extra high demand at the start of a plant's reproductive cycle, the transition from growing leaves to forming buds
• Circulatory system


  The entire system of transportation
• Lipids


  Used to form cellular and organelle membranes, the sheaths surrounding nerve fibers, and certain hormones. Fats are extremely useful energy sources
• Respiratory system


  • The primary function is to deliver oxygen to the cells of the body's tissues and remove carbon dioxide
  • The main structures are the nasal cavity, the trachea, and the lungs
  • All aerobic organisms require oxygen to carry out their metabolic functions

  
• Flowering


  Potassium plays a primary role in producing and transporting the sugars and starches plants use up as they develop healthy flowers and fruit
• Nucleic acids


  Used for the construction of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and ATP. Animals obtain their nucleic acids from plant and animal tissues, especially from cells that contain nuclei. During digestion, the nucleic acids are broken down into nucleotides, which are absorbed into the cells
• Blood


  A fluid connective tissue which flows in blood vessels, containing RBCs, WBCs and platelets, with plasma as the fluid part

  
• Along the evolutionary tree, different organisms have devised different means of obtaining oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere
• Ripening


  When flowers and fruit are verging on full maturity, they need a week or two of just water without nutrients, a process known as "flushing," so they can use up all the nutrients they have already absorbed
• The environment in which the animal lives greatly determines how an animal respires