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• acid

  A substance that forms an aqueous solution with a pH less than 7
• alkali

  a base that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH greater than 7.
• base

  any substance with a pH greater than 7.
• What ion makes substances acidic?

  H+
• What ion makes substances alkaline?

  OH-
• HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + ___

  Water
• What type of reaction is this?

  Acid + Base -> Salt + Water

  Neutralisation
• Name this ion: H+

  Hydrogen ion
• Name this ion: OH-

  Hydroxide ion
• HCl

  Hydrochloric Acid
• H₂SO₄

  Sulfuric Acid
• HNO₃

  Nitric acid
• NaOH

  Sodium Hydroxide
• CaCO₃

  Calcium Carbonate
• What pH is neutral?

  7
• What is the pH of pure water?

  7
• titration

  an experimental technique used to find an unknown concentration of an acid or an alkali.
• Equipment used in a titration:

  • Pipette
  • Conical flask
  • Burette
  • White tile
• Repeat the titration for concordant results.
• What volume of alkali is added to the conical flask

  25cm^3
• What is added to the alkali in the conical flask?

  indicator
• What are concordant results?

  Results that are within 0.10cm^3 of each other.
• When do you stop adding acid to the alkali from the burette?

  When there is a colour change in the conical flask
• What do we use the results to calculate?

  The mean volume of acid required to neutralise the alkali.
• Why is the conical flask placed on a white tile?

  To make the colour change more visible.
• Why do we swirl the conical flask as acid is added?

  To evenly distribute it, and to ensure the colour change happens as soon as the neutralisation.
• Why is indicator added?


  To make the change from acid to alkali visible.
• How does the indicator litmus work?

  Red (acid) to Blue (alkali)
• How does the indicator Phenolphthalein work?

  Colourless (acid) to Pink (alkaline)
• How does the indicator Methyl Orange work?

  Red(acid) to Yellow (alkaline)