Evolution

• Evolution


  Change = Development = Evolution?
• Evolution


  Ontogeny
• What is Evolution?
• Changes in allele frequency over generations
• Gametes contain alleles
• Adaptation


  Genetic difference between populations from one generation to the next due to better survival of some genetic variants over others
• Neutral evolution


  Most mutations are harmful, neutral mutations are common, changes in genome through neutral mutations
• Evolutionary fitness


  Relative reproductive success (relative fitness) measured as the reproductive success of an individual compared to other individuals in a population
• Evolutionary fitness is never absolute contribution, benefit, or adaptation, but rather a value from 0-1
• Individual selection
• Altruistic behaviour
• Reciprocal altruism


  Altruistic behaviour towards non-kin (tit for tat, later reward etc.)
• Balance of costs and benefits in sexual selection
• Intrasexual Selection


  Traits that are involved in the competition between members of one sex over access to mating partners, normally Male-male competition
• Intersexual Selection


  Traits that are used by members of one sex to entice /convince members of the other sex to mate, normally female choice
• Polygenic traits: Phenotypes are controlled by the combined activity of many genes, The larger the number of genes that affect a trait, the more intermediate phenotypic classes are to be expected
• Phenotype= genetic factors + environment, Reaction norm (Modifikationsbreite): Variation in phenotype that results from exposition of the genotype to different environments
• Heritability


  Proportion of the variance of a trait that is genetically determined RELATIVE to the proportion that is determined by the environment
• Microevolution to Macroevolution: Changes from generation to generation with diversification (speciation) and common ancestry (decent)