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• Fire extinguishers apply an agent that will cool burning heat, smother fuel or remove oxygen so the fire cannot continue to burn

  
• Life safety in buildings


  Measures and systems implemented to protect the lives and well-being of occupants during emergencies such as fires, natural disasters, or other hazardous events
• Lesson at a Glance


  • Fire in buildings
  • Passive fire protection
  • Active fire protection and suppression
  • Fire detection and alarm system

  
• Fires in buildings


  • Pose significant risks to life, property, and the environment
  • Fire safety design in buildings encompasses various principles and strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of fires, facilitating safe evacuation, and reducing the spread of fire and smoke

  
• Fundamentals of Fire Dynamics

  1. Examining heat transfer mechanisms such as conduction, convection, and radiation, and their influence on fire spread and growth

  2. Understanding the chemical reactions involved in combustion, fuel properties, and the role of oxygen in fire propagation

  3. Analyzing the movement of smoke within buildings, the impact of ventilation systems on smoke dispersion, and the importance of smoke control measures for occupant safety

  
• Fire


  The severity of a fire can be measured by the amount of heat produced

  
• Smoke


  The solid and gaseous products of combustion in the rising plume of heated air
• Fuel load


  The quantity of potential fuel within a building
• Phases of fire


  • Ignition
  • Growth
  • Fully developed
  • Decay

  
• Causes of fire


  • Cooking
  • Electrical faults
  • Flammable liquids
• Pursuant to the Provision of Section 14 in relation to Section 5 of Republic Act No. 9514, entitled "AN ACT ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, REVEALING PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1185, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES"

  
• Effects of heat on structural steel

  Will have lost two-thirds of its strength by the time it has been heated to 600°C
• Effects of heat on reinforced concrete

  Expands at a normal rate in temperatures up to 300 or 500 degrees F but at higher temperatures it shrinks at an even faster rate
• Effects of heat on wood

  Undergoes thermal degradation and combustion to produce gases, vapours, tars and char
• Effects of heat on bricks


  Are one of the most fire resistant materials
• Fire engineering


  • Makes use of engineering principles to safeguard individuals, property and the environment from the destructive damage that can be caused by fire

  
• Main design options to ensure fire safety

  • Prevention: Controlling ignition and fuel sources so that fires do not start
  • Communication: If ignition occurs, ensuring occupants are informed and any active fire systems are triggered
  • Escape: Ensuring that occupants of buildings and surrounding areas are able to move to places of safety
  • Containment: Fire should be contained to the smallest possible area, limiting the amount of property likely to be damaged and the threat to life safety
  • Extinguishment: Ensuring that fire can be extinguished quickly and with minimum consequential damage

  
• Passive fire protection (PFP)


  An essential component of building safety, aimed at preventing the spread of fire and minimizing its impact on both life and property. Unlike active fire protection systems, which require human intervention or power supply to operate, passive fire protection measures are inherently built into the structure of buildings

  
• Fire door


  • A door with a fire-resistance rating used as part of a passive fire protection system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a structure and to enable safe egress from a building or structure or ship

  
• Fire wall


  • An assembly of materials used to delay the spread of fire a wall assembly with a prescribed fire resistance duration and independent structural stability

  
• Fire and smoke dampers

  • Used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning ducts to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork, closing automatically if the temperature rises. They can also be linked to fire alarm systems

  
• Coatings


  • Spray-applied epoxy intumescent and subliming coatings are the most frequently used, although cementitious materials were extensively used in the past. Other available types of PFP coatings include phenolic foam, glass fibre, and elastomer rubber
• Passive fire protection measures play a crucial role in safeguarding buildings and occupants from the devastating effects of fire. By implementing and maintaining these measures effectively, building owners and managers can enhance fire safety and minimize the risk of loss of life and property in the event of a fire

  
• Active fire protection


  Takes action in order to put out a fire

  
• Passive fire protection


  Helps prevent a fire from spreading or resist the initial ignition

  
• Active and passive fire protection work together by alerting people inside the building of a fire and safely containing the fire so that people may evacuate and/or try to suppress the fire

  
• Active fire protection and suppression

  • Characterized by items and/or systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response to work
  • Fire protection reduces damage and helps to safely evacuate a building
  • Fire suppression systems are intended to extinguish the flames

  
• Active fire protection systems

  • Water-based fire suppression systems
  • Fire alarm systems
  • Fire extinguishers
  • Standpipes and fire hydrants

  
• Sprinkler systems


  • The system identifies the presence of a fire and deploys either a fine water mist or a higher volume of water to extinguish it
  • Its main benefits include its cost-effectiveness compared to alternative systems and its ease of replacement. They can be set to activate automatically or manually
• Components of a fire alarm system

  • Smoke detector/heat detector
  • Manual call point (MPC)
  • Hooter
  • Main alarm control panel

  
• Fire extinguishers


  • Portable or movable devices utilized to extinguish small fires by directing a substance onto the flames. This substance typically serves to cool the burning material, restrict oxygen supply to the flame, or disrupt the chemical reactions sustaining the fire

  
• Standpipes


  • A pipe system installed in buildings, typically in stairwells or other easily accessible locations, to supply water to firefighters during a fire emergency. It consists of a network of pipes, valves, and outlets that connect to the building's water supply
• Fire hydrants


  • An above-ground connection point to a water supply, typically located along streets or in other public areas. It consists of a valve connected to an underground water main and is equipped with outlets to which firefighters can attach hoses
• Fire detection technologies


  • Studying optimal sensor placement strategies based on fire dynamics, building layout, occupancy characteristics, and environmental conditions to ensure timely and reliable detection
  • Exploring various fire detection technologies such as smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors, and gas detectors, and their principles of operation
• Types of fire detectors

  • Ionisation smoke alarms
  • Photoelectric (optical) alarms
  • Ionisation/photoelectric (multi-sensor) alarms
  • Heat detectors
• Ionisation smoke alarms


  • Excellent at detecting fast-burning fires
• Photoelectric (optical) alarms


  • Effective at detecting larger particles of smoke from slow-burning, 'smouldering' fires
• Ionisation/photoelectric (multi-sensor) alarms


  • Designed to be sensitive to a wide range of fires and provide a faster reaction to both fast-flaming and slow-smouldering fires
• Heat detectors


  • Detect the presence of heat and an increase in air temperature
• Guidelines for installing smoke alarms

  • Choose tested smoke alarms
  • Install alarms inside each bedroom, outside sleeping areas, and on every level, including the basement
  • For levels without bedrooms, install alarms in living areas or near stairways
  • Basement alarms should be on the ceiling at the bottom of stairs
  • Keep alarms at least 10 feet away from cooking appliances
  • Mount smoke alarms high on walls or ceilings, not more than 12 inches from the ceiling
  • Install alarms for pitched ceilings within 3 feet of the peak, but not within the apex
  • Avoid installing smoke alarms near windows, doors, or ducts where drafts may interfere
  • Never paint smoke alarms or add stickers/decorations that may prevent them from working
  • Interconnect all smoke alarms for the best protection
  • Use alarms from the same manufacturer when interconnecting
  • Two types of smoke alarms: ionization and photoelectric. It's recommended to use both or dual sensor alarms
  • Keep manufacturer's instructions for reference