GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

• The three main types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
• Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds on earth.
• Cellulose is a linear homopolysaccharide made up of beta-glucopyranose units arranged in parallel chains held together by hydrogen bonds.
• Sucrose is made up of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler units by hydrolysis.
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler molecules by hydrolysis.
• Polysaccharides are long chains of many monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds.
• Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharide units join together through condensation reactions to form larger sugar molecules.
• Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together through condensation reactions to form glycosidic linkages.
• Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together to form a single sugar unit.
• Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages.
• Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together through condensation reactions to form a single sugar unit.
• Starch is a storage polymer found in plants and consists of amylose (a straight chain) and amylopectin (branched).
• Oligosaccharides are short polymers consisting of three or more monosaccharide units linked together.
• Glycogen is a branched polymer composed of alpha-1,4-linked glucose residues with alpha-1,6 linkages at branch points.
• Glycogen is an animal storage carbohydrate, while starch is a plant storage carbohydrate.
• The most common disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, gentiobiose, and turanose.
• Maltose is produced from starch by partial hydrolysis and is involved in the metabolism of many organisms.
• Lactose is present in milk and is hydrolyzed into its constituent sugars during digestion.
• Maltose is produced during the digestion of starch and has a sweet taste similar to that of sucrose.
• Maltose is produced during the digestion of starch and is made up of two molecules of glucose joined by a glycosidic bond between carbon atoms 1 and 4 of both glucose molecules.
• Lactose is also known as milk sugar and is present in breast milk and cow's milk.
• Sucrose is the major dietary disaccharide and is made up of one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose joined by a glycosidic bond between carbon atoms 1 and 2 of fructose and carbon atom 1 of glucose.
• Sucrose is the major disaccharide in blood plasma and is made up of one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose joined by a glycosidic bond between carbon atoms 1 and 2 of fructose and carbon atom 1 of glucose.
• Glycogen is the storage carbohydrate found in animals and has a similar structure to amylopectin but with more branches per unit length.
• Starch is the storage carbohydrate found in plants and consists mainly of amylose (a linear polymer) and amylopectin (a branched polymer).
• Lactose is formed during milk production and is important for infant nutrition.
• Cellulose is an insoluble polysaccharide that provides structural support to plant cells and cannot be digested by humans without the aid of microorganisms.
• Chitin is a polysaccharide found in exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects, providing protection against predators and pathogens.