PHILOSOPHY Final Exam

• Intersubjectivity

  • it is the shared meaning that people create through constant interaction, despite their differences.
  • It comes from an awareness of self and others.
• Gabriel Marcel is a contemporary existentialist who believed that there are two kinds of freedom:

  • horizontal freedom
  • vertical freedom
• Horizontal freedom is the kind of freedom practiced when choosing between similar goods (where one option is not necessarily superior to the others).
• Vertical freedom is the kind of freedom that allows an individual to make choices based on the order of his or her values, which direct his or her moral life.
• Max Scheler defined values as a set of meanings an individual creates according to his or her will. For Scheler, creating meaning is an act of the heart, and can thus be either an act of love or an act of hate.
• Emotional Act: Act of Love

  • the person gives meaning and significance to higher values.
• Act of Hate/Egoism

  • the person gives preference to lower values.
• According to Immanuel Kant, human persons are "ends in themselves”. This means that a person does not exist to be used by other people.
• According to Immanuel Kant, many people treat others as objects, referring to them as "mere means."
• Mere Means


  This means that people use other people as instruments to accomplish or achieve something.
• According to Thomas Hobbes, humanity's state of nature is a state of war in which there is no lawful standard of what is ethical and unethical.
• The state of nature was like an existence where each man lives for himself. It is characterized by extreme competition and no one looks out for another. He believed that when people have unlimited freedom, it leads to chaos and a war-like scenario.
• To resolve state of nature, people must give up their freedom to a specific authority that will, in return, ensure their lives are protected and preserved.
• According to John Locke, everyone in the state is free and equal but is required to protect one another's rights to life.
• Social Contract

  • individuals enter into a shared agreement to cooperate with one another and to live harmoniously in a society that establishes moral regulations on behavior.
• Cooperation and dialogue result from differing opinions and ideas. Despite this, they are very helpful in allowing individuals to exchange opinions and come up with the best way to establish a social contract to live harmoniously with one another.
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel believed that the mind is free, and therefore freedom is a thought.
• Stoicism


  Philosophy that views most human desires and emotions as irrational. Humans need to control their passions and live with virtue, duty, and integrity to be in harmony with the universe.
• Ataraxia


  A Greek word that means "tranquility" (defined as having peace or being in a calm state). For the Stoics, ataraxia can be achieved by living virtuously in accordance with nature.
• How to Reach Happiness

  1. To pursue virtue by doing what is morally right habitually

  2. To live peacefully with nature including being contented with what one has
• Peace of mind


  A state of calmness, not being frustrated with what is happening or the outcome of a different circumstance. It is possible to achieve peace of mind despite being in a chaotic or disturbing situation.
• Pantheism


  The belief that God is in everything. Originated from two Greek words: pan, which means "all," and theos, which means "God."
• Divine Command Theory


  The belief that everything is in agreement with each other because God is all-knowing, always present, most powerful, and all-good. Therefore, to live peacefully, one must obey God's commands.
• God does not control our actions because he gave us free will, which is the ability of a person to control his actions.
• Eudaimonia


  Can be translated to "happiness," which is the goal of an individual's life. It can be classified into two categories: natural happiness and supernatural happiness.
• Natural Happiness


  The result of achieving what you truly want. Some examples are being promoted, receiving the highest award, buying new clothes, having independence, learning new skills, etc.
• Supernatural Happiness


  The result of following God's teachings, which does not necessarily mean you get what you desire. You are only concerned with obeying God.
• Eudamonia can be classified into two categories: natural happiness and supernatural happiness.
• Compatibilism


  it is believed that a man exercises his free will according to the cause, whether internal or external.
• The word "argument" comes from the root word " argue" derived from the latin word arguere, which means prove, show, or accuse
• Conclusions that bears the truth claim or assertion
• Premise or the reasons that support or justify the conclusion.
• • Inductive Reasoning- is made when the evidence and facts provided to support the conclusion do not give assurance that the conclusion is true
• • Deductive reasoning- has logical certitude because the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. Using this form of reasoning, when the premises are correct, then it must be impossible for the conclusion not to be correct.