Middle and Modern Ages

• Middle Ages


  The medieval period of European history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance, sometimes referred to as the "Dark Ages"
• Modern Ages


  The historical period that spanned the years 1500 to 1945, representing a period of major advancements in all aspects of life, resulting in a transformation from the old world to the modern world
• Heavy Plough


  • Made it possible to harness areas with clay soil, which was more fertile than lighter soil types, leading to prosperity and economic growth, especially in Northern Europe
• Spinning Wheel


  An ancient invention used to transform various plant and animal fibers into thread or yarn, which are subsequently woven into cloth on a loom
• Printing Press


  An invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-1400s that combined movable pieces of metal type that could be reused with a press that could produce sharp impressions on paper over and over again
• Mechanical Clock


  • A timekeeping device that uses gears, springs, and other mechanical components to measure and display the passage of time
• Compound Microscope


  • An optical instrument that uses multiple lenses to magnify small objects that are not visible to the naked eye
• Telescope


  • An instrument designed to make distant objects appear nearer and more detailed through collecting and focusing light, typically using lenses or mirrors
• Engine-Powered Airplane


  • A flying machine that uses an engine to generate thrust and lift, allowing it to travel through the air with controlled flight
• Technology and Society


  They are co-related, co-dependent, and co-influence each other
• Television


  A system for sending moving pictures and sound from one place to another, one of the most important and popular forms of communication
• Telephone


  An instrument designed for the simultaneous transmission and reception of the human voice, inexpensive, simple to operate, and offers immediate, personal communication
• Middle Ages is the period that marks major advances in the science and technology. There is a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production and economic growth.
• Making gunpowder is a bit like cooking, except more explosive. Makers in the 14th and 15th centuries used black powder brought to Europe from China, then mixed its three ingredients together one by one: saltpeter (also known as potassium nitrate), charcoal, and sulfur. But they also made some chef-like improvisations, including a splash of brandy, vinegar, or varnish.
• GREAT WHEEL 

  Known as walking wheel or wool wheel for rapid long draw spinning of woolen-spun yarns;
• FLAX WHEEL

  Which is a double-drive wheel used with a distaff for spinning flax fibers for making linen;
• UPRIGHT WHEEL

  All-purpose treadle driven wheels used to spin both woolen and worsted-spun yarns
• CHARKHA

  The tabletop or floor charkha is one of the oldest known forms of the spinning wheel. The charkha works similarly to the great wheel, with a drive wheel being turned by one hand, while the yarn is spun off the tip of the spindle with the other. The floor charkha and the great wheel closely resemble each other. With both, the spinning must stop in order to wind the yarn onto the spindle.
• Letterpresses require an operator to set movable type, ink it, and press paper against it. The entire process is done by hand. The letterpress is often used by small, boutique printers, and offers a beautiful handmade look. However, it’s also inefficient and expensive compared to other printing presses.
• OFFSET PRINTING

    Making it possible to print enormous quantities efficiently and cost-effectively. In a nutshell, modern offset printing involves using a computer to create a plate, which is then placed on a cylinder. Ink is applied to the plate cylinder, which rolls against a rubber cylinder, which in turn rolls the ink onto sheets of paper fed through the press. Offset presses are used to mass produce newspapers, magazines, books, and other printed materials.
• DIGITAL PRINTING

    One of the few drawbacks to offset printing is that it’s not economical in low volumes, primarily because plates can cost several hundred dollars to produce. That’s insignificant when printing hundreds or thousands of the same item, but it can be costly when printing a few dozen or even a single copy. Digital presses make low-volume printing affordable, and have similarly revolutionized the printing industry, because they do not require plates. Instead, they use advanced inkjet or laser jet technology to transfer ink to paper.
• John Logie Baird

  ØHe was motivated by a desire to create a system for transmitting moving images over a distance.

  ØBaird's invention of the television was driven by his experimentation with various technologies, including mechanical and electronic systems, to achieve this goal.
• Alexander Graham Bell

  ØIt was through his work with the deaf and his careful study of how sound is transmitted via the human voice that led Bell to the invention of the telephone.

  ØBell's invention was based on the principle of transmitting sound through electrical signals, which he developed through experimentation with various materials and components.