Energy Transformation

• Exergonic - a reaction which releases energy
• Anabolism - a process of forming bonds between two molecules to form more complex ones 
• Oxidation - loss of electrons 
• Chloroplast - the organelle where photosynthesis takes place
• Chlorophyll - the pigment which absorbs the energy from the sun
• Endergonic - a reaction which requires input of energy
• Catabolism - a process where bonds are broken and complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones 
• Visible light - part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is used as source of energy for photosynthesis to take place
• Reduction - gain of electrons
• Photolysis - the splitting of water during light-dependent reactions
• Energy - the ability to do work - to move matter
• Potential energy - stored energy that is available to do work
• Kinetic energy - energy of motion/movement
• 1st law of thermodynamics - Energy can never be created or destroyed, it’s just converted to other forms
• 2nd law of thermodynamics - As energy is transformed from one form to another, entropy (disorder) increases
• Metabolism - all chemical reactions in cells
• OILRIG - oxidation is loss, reduction is gain 
• electron transport chain - is a series of membrane proteins participating in sequential, linked oxidation-reduction reactions.
• ATP- adenosine triphosphate (cellular energy currency)
• ATP Hydrolysis - anabolism(energy) - ADP + energy - catabolism(energy) - ATP Hydrolysis 
• Phosphorylation - is a chemical process of adding a phosphate group to an organic compound.
• *work can be converted to heat but heat cannot be completely converted to work 
• *Heat cannot be used or converted back to a useful form of energy
• *chemical bonds are potential energy 
• *in the second law of thermodynamics, During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat.
• *2nd law of thermodynamics; Cells constantly use energy to build their molecules and structures, perform chemical reactions, and carry out life’s processes.
• * in Endergonic reactions, the products contain more energy than the reactants
• * in exergonic reactions, the products contain less energy than the reactants
• *ana BUILD ENDothermic
• *cata BREAK EXergonic
• * hydrolysis is an example of catabolism
• * dehydration synthesis is an example of anabolism 
• *Oxidations and reductions occur simultaneously
• *ATP has stored energy
• *after ATP undergoes hydrolysis, it releases its potential energy making adenosine diphosphate + energy
• *ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell.
• • Endergonic - Requires an input of energy to proceed
• • Endergonic - Builds complex molecules from simpler components (anabolism)
• • Exergonic -  Releases energy 
• • Exergonic - Breaks large, complex molecules into their smaller, simpler components (catabolism)