REPRODUCTIVE

• What do earthworms produce for reproduction?

  Sperm and eggs
• How long does it take for new earthworms to hatch from fertilized eggs?

  A few weeks
• What is the primary purpose of animal adaptations in form and function?

  Contributing to reproductive success
• What are the two main types of reproduction in the animal kingdom?

  Asexual and sexual reproduction
• What defines sexual reproduction?

  Fusion of male and female gametes
• What is asexual reproduction?

  Creation of offspring without egg and sperm fusion
• What is fission in asexual reproduction?

  Separation of a parent into multiple individuals
• What is budding in asexual reproduction?

  New individuals arise from outgrowths
• What is fragmentation in asexual reproduction?

  Breaking of the body into pieces that develop
• What must accompany fragmentation?

  Regeneration of lost body parts
• What is parthenogenesis?

  Development from an unfertilized egg
• What is the "twofold cost" of sexual reproduction?

  Sexual females have half as many daughters
• Why do most eukaryotic species reproduce sexually?

  Despite the twofold cost, it offers advantages
• What is genetic recombination?

  Mixing of genes during sexual reproduction
• What advantage does genetic recombination provide?

  Increases variation in offspring
• How does sexual reproduction affect adaptation rates?

  Increases the rate of adaptation
• What role do environmental cues play in reproductive cycles?

  They help control reproductive cycles
• What is ovulation?

  Release of mature eggs
• What is hermaphroditism?

  Each individual has both male and female systems
• What is a solution for organisms that seldom encounter mates?

  Hermaphroditism
• What is required for internal fertilization?

  Behavioral interactions and compatible organs
• What is external fertilization?

  Fertilization occurs in the external environment
• What is internal fertilization?

  Sperm deposited in or near female tract
• What is the role of timing in fertilization?

  Critical for successful fertilization
• Why do species with external fertilization produce more gametes?

  To increase chances of survival
• What advantage do species with internal fertilization have?

  Greater protection of embryos
• What is the function of mammary glands?

  Secrete milk for offspring
• What are gonads?

  Sex organs that produce gametes
• What is the function of the cloaca?

  Common opening for multiple systems
• What are the external reproductive organs in males?

  Scrotum and penis
• What do the testes produce?

  Sperm and hormones
• What is the role of Leydig cells in the testes?

  Produce hormones
• Why are testes located outside the abdominal cavity?

  To maintain lower temperatures for sperm production
• What are the external reproductive organs of males?

  Scrotum and penis
• What do the gonads produce in males?

  Sperm and hormones
• What are the male gonads called?

  Testes
• What is the structure of the testes?

  Highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue
• Where does sperm formation occur in the testes?

  In the seminiferous tubules
• What do Leydig cells produce?

  Hormones
• Why are the testes located outside the abdominal cavity?

  To maintain a lower temperature for sperm production