crime prevention and control

• situational crime prevention


  reducing opportunities for crime and altering/managing the environment to reduce the risk of crime
• target hardening


  Locking doors, security cameras, window locks, security guards, alarm systems, ring doorbell
• Felson target hardening


  NYC bus terminal toilets were a hotspot for crime, until they designed crime out of the environment
• crime 4 forms


  spatial, temporal, tactical, functional
• spatial crime


  physically moving somewhere else
• temporal crime


  committing crime at a different time
• tactical crime


  using a different method
• functional crime


  committing a different crime
• 2 environmental crime prevention strategies


  Broken windows, Zero tolerance policing
• Kelling - broken windows

  leaving crime unresolved sends a signal no one cares and invites more crime into the area
• Zero tolerance policing


  broken windows should be addressed immediately and the police should have a zero tolerance policy where no matter the severity, everything should be addressed
• what would zero tolerance policing do

  halt hood decline and prevent serious crime
• New York 93' - 96'


  zero tolerance policing reduced crime significantly
• social/community crime prevention


  we should address poverty and the way money is distributed
• community policing


  should work with the community, build rapports and get their help in informing on those that commit crime
• Perry pre-school project - Michigan

  experimental group of disadvantaged 3-4 year olds on a two year intellectual enrichment program
• Perry pre-school project - Michigan findings

  fewer arrests for violent crime, property crime and drugs compared to peers not in the project
• surveillance


  monitoring behaviour and observing people to gather data about them
• Foulton panoticon theory


  people can be controlled when they believe themselves to be under surveillance even if no ones watching
• 2 forms of power

  sovereign power, disciplinary power
• sovereign power


  monarch exercised physical power over people's bodies. Punishment was a visible spectacle
• what does sovereign power link to

  Durkheim's boundary maintenance
• Disciplinary power


  to govern the body and the mind through surveillance. people fear being seen doing something wrong
• Bentham


  Panopticon prison design
• Panopticon prison design


  circular prison with a watch tower visible to the prisoners. no guards were visible. creates the impression you're always being watched
• Synoptic surveillance


  increase in top down and bottom down surveillance
• synoptic surveillance example


  george floyd murder

  body cams capturing police wrongdoing
• Haggerty and Ericson


  moving to a surveillant assemblages era
• surveillant assessment 


  you can gain a virtual profile representation of us and our online digital lives from surveillant technology
• digital assemblage


  data monitored to identify potential threats to track patterns and trends which may indicate criminal activity
• Lyon - social sorting


  categorise people so they can be treated differently accordingly to the level of risk posed
• Feeley and simon


  actuarial justice is a new form of surveillance
• actuarial analysis


  used to predict the likelihood of people offending
• risk factors


  individuals can be profiled using risk factors - certain levels lead to people being stopped and questioned
• norris and armstrong


  CCTV operators target young black males based on racist stereotypes

  this creates a self fufilling prophecy
• liquid surveillance


  A more flexible mobile form of surveillance. its in all forms of digital technology even if surveillance is not the primary function
• moral issues with liquid surveillance

  erosion of civil liberties

  double standards

  social sorting
• Bauman and Lyn


  people are now watched and monitored in every aspect of their lives
• social sorting


  analysing individuals from certain ethnic groups to asses risks
• social sorting example


  muslims are subject to more security checks at airports than any other group