Save
biology paper 2
inheritance, variation and evolution
Save
Share
Learn
Content
Leaderboard
Share
Learn
Created by
Anais Mcloughlin
Visit profile
Cards (84)
DNA
The
chemical
that all of the
genetic
material in a cell is made up from
View source
DNA
It contains
coded
information - the instructions to put an organism together and make it work
It's found in the
nucleus
of animal and plant cells, in really long structures called
chromosomes
View source
Chromosome
Long molecules of
DNA
View source
Gene
A small section of
DNA
found on a chromosome that codes for a particular sequence of
amino acids
which are put together to make a specific protein
View source
Genome
The
entire
set of
genetic
material in an organism
View source
Genome
Scientists have worked out the complete human
genome
Understanding the human
genome
is an important tool for science and medicine - it allows identification of genes linked to diseases, and tracing the
migration
of human populations
View source
Nucleotide
The repeating units that
DNA
strands are made up of, consisting of a
phosphate
group, a sugar, and one of four bases (A, T, C, G)
View source
DNA structure
The
bases
always pair up in a
complementary
way (A with T, C with G)
The order of
bases
determines the order of amino acids in
proteins
View source
Protein synthesis
1. DNA in the nucleus is
transcribed
into
mRNA
2. mRNA carries the code to
ribosomes
in the
cytoplasm
3. Ribosomes assemble the
amino acids
into proteins according to the
mRNA
code
View source
Protein
Chains
of amino acids that fold into
unique
shapes to perform specific functions
View source
Protein functions
Enzymes
- biological catalysts
Hormones
- carry messages around the body
Structural proteins
- provide physical strength
View source
Mutation
A random change in an organism's
DNA
sequence
View source
Mutations
They can sometimes be
inherited
They can change the sequence of
amino acids
in a protein, affecting its
shape
and function
View source
Types of mutation
Insertions
- adding a new base
Deletions
- removing a base
Substitutions
- changing one base for another
View source
Sexual reproduction
Genetic
information from two parents is combined to produce
genetically
different offspring
View source
Sexual reproduction
Gametes
(sperm and egg) are produced by
meiosis
, which halves the chromosome number
Fusion of gametes
restores
the
full
chromosome number in the offspring
View source
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction from a single parent to produce
genetically identical
offspring
View source
Asexual reproduction
Occurs by
mitosis
, where the
parent
cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells
Produces
clones
of the parent
View source
Advantages of
sexual reproduction
Offspring
have a mixture of genes from both parents, increasing variation and chance of
survival
Natural selection
can act on the variation to improve
adaptations
View source
Advantages of asexual reproduction
Only needs
one
parent
Uses less
energy
than sexual reproduction
Faster
than sexual reproduction
Can produce many
identical
offspring
View source
Organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually
Malaria
parasite
Fungi
Many
plant
species
View source
Organisms
of the same species have
differences
View source
Variation
Differences between
organisms
of the same
species
View source
Genes
They are the codes inside your cells that control how you develop
They are passed on in
sex
cells (the ones that fuse during
reproduction
)
Most animals and quite a lot of plants get their
genes
from
two
parents, so the combining of genes causes variation (except for identical twins)
View source
Characteristics defined by single genes
Eye colour
Blood group
Baldness
View source
Environment
Includes the surrounding conditions that influence the development of
organisms
View source
Characteristics are influenced by both
genes
and the
environment
View source
Environmental variation
Plant growth in plenty of
sunlight
vs plant growth in
darkness
Suntan
View source
Most characteristics are due to a combination of
genes
and the
environment
View source
Genetic variation
Characteristics that are
inherited
and passed on in
genes
View source
Genetic
variation
1.
Genes
are the codes inside cells that control how an organism develops
2.
Genes
are passed on in sexual reproduction
3. Most animals and many plants reproduce sexually to combine genes from two parents
4.
Offspring
are genetically identical except for identical twins
View source
Characteristics
Some are defined by
genes
(e.g. eye colour, blood group, fingerprints)
Others are
influenced
by the environment
View source
Environmental variation
Differences between members of the same species due to
environmental
factors
View source
Environmental variation
A plant grown in plenty of
sunlight
would be tall and green, but the same plant grown in darkness would grow tall and spindly and have
pale leaves
View source
Environmental variation covers many differences - from being attacked by pests, to getting
suntan
, to having no
hair
(never happened to me yet though)
View source
Most characteristics
Determined by a mixture of
genetic
and
environmental
factors (e.g. body weight, height, skin colour, academic or athletic prowess)
View source
Mutations
Changes to the sequence of
bases
in
DNA
that can lead to changes in the protein that a gene codes for
View source
Most mutations have no effect on the structure of the
gene
, so most mutations have no effect on the organism's
phenotype
View source
If a new
phenotype
makes an individual more suited to the environment
It can become
common
throughout the species relatively quickly by
natural selection
View source
You can't blame all of your faults on your parents - the
environment
usually plays a role too
View source
See all 84 cards
See similar decks
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Biology > Paper 2
12 cards
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Biology > Paper 2
122 cards
inheritance, variation and evolution
biology paper 2
86 cards
Inheritance, variation and evolution
Biology paper 2
147 cards
Biology Paper 2: Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
55 cards
Inheritance variation and evolution
Biology PAPER 2
133 cards
Inheritance,Variation and Evolution
Biology > Paper 2
213 cards
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Biology > Paper 2
108 cards
inheritance, variation and evolution
biology paper 2
2 cards
Inheritance, variation and Evolution
Biology > Paper 2
102 cards
Inheritance variation and evolution
Biology paper 2
162 cards
Inheritance, Variation and evolution
Biology paper 2
59 cards
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
BIOLOGY PAPER 2
39 cards
inheritance, variation and evolution
biology paper 2
58 cards
Inheritance, Variation, and Evolution
Biology Paper 2
59 cards
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
BIOLOGY > PAPER 2
30 cards
inheritance, variation and evolution
biology paper 2
132 cards
Inheritance, variation and evolution
biology > paper 2
116 cards
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
biology Paper 2
42 cards
inheritance, variation and evolution
biology > paper 2
24 cards
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Biology > paper 2
19 cards