CLA

• Discourse Theorist (7 Functions)

  Halliday
• Instrumental Function


  Child is trying to fulfil a need
• Regulatory Function


  Used to control the behaviour of someone
• Interactional Function


  To develop relationships with others
• Personal Function


  Used to express views and preferences
• Heuristic Function


  Used to explore the world around them
• Imaginative Function


  Used to explore something creatively during play
• Representational Function


  Used to exchange information
• 3 Influences On CLA

  Parents

  Nursery

  TV shows

  Experiences

  Adult Interaction

  Bilingual parents
• Virtuous Errors


  Mistakes a child makes but they aren't mistakes they aid the child to understand English
• Deletion


  Omitting the final consonant in words

  do(g) cu(p)
• Substitution


  Subbing one sound for another

  Pip ➡️ Ship
• Addition


  Adding an extra vowel sound at the end of words

  Doggie
• Assimilation


  Changing one consonant or vowel for another

  Dog ➡️ Gog
• Reduplication


  Repeating a whole syllable

  Dada, Mama
• Genie Case Study Shows...

  Live interaction is needed

  There is a critical stage where you must learn

  No syntax
• Problems With Case Studies

  Significant ethical issues

  Have to rely on extreme cases of child abuse

  Can't usually experiment on children due to the potential impact on future development
• Skinner


  Language was just another form of learned behaviour through imitation

  - Learnt through positive/negative reinforcement
• Children's brains are a "blank slate"


  Skinner - they're ready to learn from interaction
• Skinner Evaluation


  What's the difference between the language being true or grammatically correct

  Over-correcting Childs speech can have a bad effect

  They don't hear incorrect ways of speaking from adults
• Chomsky


  There's a set of innate language principles which guide all children to learn their native language
• Issue With Chomsky


  The principles have to be quite specific and abstract

  No one has ever been able to define any suitable content of universal grammar
• Cognitive Functionalism


  Sought to explain how language could be another example of a skill gained through the brains ability to find patterns and draw connections
• Usage View Of Language Acquisition

  A child learns language partly by using it
• Allowed Larger Amounts Of Analysis...

  Development of technology
• 1st Stage


  Pre-Verbal
• 2nd Stage


  Holophrastic
• 3rd Stage


  Two word stage
• 4th Stage


  Telegraphic stage
• 5th Stage


  Post-Telegraphic Stage
• Before Pre Verbal


  Acclimatisation
• Bellugi


  Negative formation
• Bellugi's First 3 Stages Of Negative Formation

  1- Use of the negative alone

  2- Combining a negative with others usually at the beginning

  3- Using negative in the middle of the utterance
• Bellugi's Last 3 Stages Of Negative Formation

  4- Increasing accuracy of negative words and the use of contractions with auxiliaries

  5- Increased Complexity and range of negative words

  6- Saying no without using negatives
• Earliest Negatives


  Na + No
• Chomsky Year


  1965
• Idea Of Innateness


  Chomsky
• LAD


  Language Acquisition Device
• Poverty Of Stimulus


  Stimulus is needed to help work out how to read and write
• Language Acquisition Device


  Controls language development and allows a child to assemble a set of rules about the language as they hear it being used around them