rws

• Critical reading


  An active and complex way of engaging with a written text to get a deeper understanding of its ideas
• Claim


  An arguable statement of opinion that is discussed, explained, or proven in a discourse. A claim is also considered as the central argument or thesis statement of the text
• Explicit claims


  Clearly stated and spelled out with no room for confusion
• Implicit claims


  Not directly stated but either suggested in the wording or necessary to effectuate the purpose
• Types of claims

  • Claim of fact
  • Claim of value
  • Claim of policy
• Claim of fact


  Argues that something is true or not, and that it could objectively be proven or disproven by using factual evidence such as existing data and statistics
• Claim of value


  Weighs and challenges one's moral practices and standards based on the writer's inclination and belief system
• Claim of policy


  Argues for a specific course of action that could potentially resolve a problem or affect an existing set of conditions
• Evaluative statements


  Can be used to show opinions, judgments, and points of view in a clear concise manner. A way of presenting your final judgment on an idea or issue, whether it be positive or negative, right or wrong, moral or immoral
• Evaluate


  Stating both the positive and negative
• Assertion


  Declarative sentences that claim that something is true about something else
• Types of assertion


  • Fact
  • Convention
  • Opinion
  • Preference
• Fact


  Statement that can be proven objectively
• Convention


  Way in which something is done, similar to traditions and norms
• Opinion


  Conclusion reached by someone after looking at the facts
• Preference


  Statement based on personal choice
• Counterclaims


  The opposition you make about the claim of a writer
• Counterclaims with hedges


  Phrase that minimizes the negative impact of a criticism. Hedge is used to give a courteous volume in your writing
• Types of textual evidence


  • Summarizing
  • Quoting
  • Paraphrasing
• Summarizing


  Taking the essence of writer's idea and stating it more briefly, with less details and explanation
• Quoting


  Supporting the arguments using exact words from original text
• Paraphrasing


  Rephrasing in your own voice and sentence structure of one portion of the original source
• Project proposal


  A comprehensive document that aims to address anticipated problems or issues. Intends to initiate a plan to an organization or individual faced with a difficulty or crisis. A project proposal attempts to persuade the audience or intended reader, by presenting a proposed solution to an identified problem
• Parts of a project proposal


  • Goals and objectives
  • Plan
  • Resources
  • Budget
• Goals and objectives


  Must clearly state what the proposal aims to accomplish, address, or solve
• Plan


  Must present a logical plan, providing details on how to achieve the set goals and objectives
• Resources


  Must include and cover all variables like the human, financial, and technical resources to be used in project's implementation
• Budget


  Must specify and justify financial aspect of project, giving all details of how much money will be spent and for what purpose it will be
• Types of project proposal


  • Solicited
  • Unsolicited
  • Informal
  • Renewal
  • Continuation
  • Supplemental
• Solicited proposal


  You must conduct thorough research and write very persuasively, as your project proposal will be in competition with others. You may also need to adhere to a strict format outlined in the Request for Proposal
• Unsolicited proposal


  While you are not in competition with others, you must still be very persuasive to convince your recipient to act, as they did not ask for your proposal
• Informal proposal


  As there is no Request for Proposal, your proposal can follow your preferred format
• Renewal proposal


  Emphasize past results and predict future benefits to persuade a client to act
• Continuation proposal


  Should focus on communicating information rather than persuading
• Supplemental proposal


  Should be persuasive to encourage investor to give more
• How to write effective project proposal

  • Keep your audience in mind
  • Be persuasive
  • Establish connection
  • Simplify
  • Edit and proofread
• Mechanics


  Conventions of writing which include capitalization, punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations, acronyms, and contractions
• Comma


  • To separate items in a series
• Series


  Made up of three or more nouns, verbs, modifiers, or phrases
• Semicolon


  • To link two independent clauses with no connecting words