Q4MBIO | LESSON 4
Cards (25)
- How do our bodies protect ourselves from pesky microorganisms?
- A viral disease. More than one virus is involved in the etiology of the common cold. The symptoms of the common cold are familiar to all of us. They include sneezing, excessive nasal secretion, and congestion. The infection can easily spread from the throat to the sinuses, the lower respiratory system, and the middle ear, leading to complications of laryngitis and otitis media.
- Probably the most threatening infectious disease of the upper respiratory system. A flaplike structure of cartilage that prevents ingested material from entering the larynx. Rapidly developing disease that can result in death within a few hours. It is caused by opportunistic pathogens, usually Haemophilus influenzae type b.
- is an upper respiratory infection caused by group A streptococci (GAS). Pharyngitis is characterized by local inflammation and a fever. Frequently, tonsillitis occurs, and the lymph nodes in the neck become enlarged and tender. Another frequent complication is otitis media. Pharyngitis is now most commonly transmitted by respiratory secretions.
- When the Streptococcus pyogenes strain causing streptococcal pharyngitis produces an erythrogenic (reddening of skin and tongue) toxin, the resulting infection is called scarlet fever. Pathogens are Erythrogenic toxin producing strains of streptococcus pyogenes.
- The disease begins with a sore throat and fever, followed by general malaise and swelling of the neck. The disease begins with a sore throat and fever, followed by general malaise and swelling of the neck. Diphtheria is also expressed as cutaneous diphtheria. In the past, it was spread mainly to healthy carriers by droplet infection. Respiratory cases have been known to arise from contact with cutaneous diphtheria.
- One of the more uncomfortable complications of the common cold, or of any infection of the nose or throat, is infection of the middle ear, otitis media, or earache. The pathogens cause the formation of pus, which builds up pressure against the eardrum and causes it to become inflamed and painful. Caused by several different agents, this disease is more common in childhood compared to ones in adulthood.
- Infection by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis results in pertussis, or whooping cough. Coughing episodes occur several times a day for 1 to 6 weeks. Diagnosis of pertussis is primarily based on clinical signs and symptoms. The pathogen can be cultured from a throat.
- An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slender rod and an obligate Aerobe. Tuberculosis is most commonly acquired by inhaling the Bacillus. People infected with tuberculosis respond with cell-mediated immunity against the bacterium. This form of immune response, rather than humoral immunity, develops because the pathogen is located mostly within macrophages. The first effective antibiotic for TB treatment was streptomycin, which was introduced in 1944.
- The bacterial pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a gram-negative rod formerly placed in the genus Pseudomonas. It closely resembled the bacterium causing glanders, a disease of horses. Therefore, the disease was named melioidosis. Melioidosis is most commonly seen as pneumonia. Diagnosis is usually by isolation of the pathogen from body fluids. Serological tests in endemic areas are problematic because of widespread exposure to a similar, nonpathogenic bacterium.
- probably the most common cause of viral respiratory disease in infants. It can also cause life-threatening pneumonia in older adults, where it is easily misdiagnosed as influenza. The symptoms are coughing and wheezing that last for more than a week. Fever occurs only when there are bacterial complications. Several rapid serological tests are now available that use samples of respiratory secretions to detect both the virus and its antibodies.
- can occur as a complication of influenza, measles, or even chickenpox. In those cases of pneumonia for which no cause is determined, viral etiology is often assumed if mycoplasmal pneumonia has been ruled out.
- involves both the bronchi and the alveoli. Symptoms include high fever, breathing difficulty, and chest pain. Atypical pneumonias usually have a slower onset and less fever and chest pain. The lungs have a red-dish appearance because blood vessels are dilated. A presumptive diagnosis can be made by isolating the pneumococci from the throat, sputum, and other fluids.
- is a gram-negative coccobacillus, and a Gram stain of sputum will differentiate this type of pneumonia from pneumococcal pneumonia. Patients with such conditions as alcoholism, poor nutrition, cancer, or diabetes are especially susceptible. Diagnostic identification of the pathogen usesspecial media that determine requirements for X and V factors.
- Outbreaks of a respiratory illness in populations of college students were found to be caused by a chlamydial organism. Originally the pathogen was considered a strain of C. psittaci, but it has been assigned the species name Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and the disease is known as chlamydial pneumonia. The disease is apparently transmitted from person to person, probably by the respiratory route.
- The term psittacosis is derived from the disease’s association with psittacine birds, such as parakeets and other parrots. It was later found that the disease can also be contracted from many other birds, such as pigeons, chickens, ducks, and turkeys. Therefore, the more general term ornithosis has come into use.
- Coxiella burnetii is the bacteria that causes Q fever. Goats, sheep, and cattle are among the species that are naturally infected by this bacteria. C. The birth products of infected animals, including the placenta, amniotic fluid, urine, feces, and milk, contain burnetii bacteria. People with chronic Q fever often develop an infection of one or more heart valves. People with endocarditis may experience night sweats, fatigue, shortness of breath, weight loss, or swelling of their limbs.
- Histoplasmosis superficially resembles tuberculosis. Although the lungs are most likely to be initially infected, the pathogens may spread in the blood and lymph, causing lesions in almost all organs of the body. Symptoms are usually poorly defined and mostly subclinical, and the disease passes for a minor respiratory infection. Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by a fungus called Histoplasma. The fungus lives in the environment, particularly in soil that contains large amounts of bird or bat droppings.
- The pathogen is sometimes found in healthy human Lungs. It is a serious infection caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. Most people who get PCP have a medical condition that weakens their immune system, like HIV/AIDS, or take medicines that lower the body ' s ability to fight germs and sickness. It causes sudden start of fever, cough, trouble breathing that often gets worse with activity, dry cough with little or no mucus, and chest discomfort.
- The developed countries of the world are probably more aware of influenza (flu) than any other disease, except the common cold. The flu is characterized by chills, fever, headache, and muscular aches. Recovery normally occurs in a few days, and cold like symptoms appear as the fever subsides.