Attachment

• What are the key points of caregiver-infant interactions?

  • Deep emotional bonds develop
  • Reciprocity in interactions
  • Interactional synchrony observed
  • Imitation of expressions by infants
  • Sensitive responsiveness from caregivers
• What did Meto and Mo's experiment demonstrate?

  Infants can imitate facial gestures
• What did Cond and Sander's 1974 study find?

  Evidence of interactional synchrony in neonates
• Why do many studies use multiple observers in caregiver-infant research?

  To provide inter-rater reliability
• What is a limitation of caregiver-infant interaction research?

  Findings depend on assumptions about infants
• What is the first stage of attachment identified by Schaffer?

  Asocial stage (0 to 6 weeks)
• What occurs during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Infants differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people
• At what age do infants typically show separation anxiety?

  7 to 9 months
• What did Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study find about multiple attachments?

  87% had developed multiple attachments by 18 months
• What is a strength of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  High level of mundane realism
• What role do fathers play in infant attachment according to Schaffer?

  75% of infants formed attachments with fathers
• What did Field's 1978 study find about primary caregiver fathers?

  They show more sensitive responsiveness like mothers
• What is a criticism of the role of fathers in attachment?

  It may lead to single fathers feeling inadequate
• What are the implications of attachment research on parental leave?

  • Equal paternity and maternity leave proposed
  • May reduce male workforce participation
  • Could help address the gender pay gap
• What did Lorenz's 1935 study on imprinting demonstrate?

  Goslings imprint on the first moving object
• What is the critical period for imprinting in goslings?

  Approximately 32 hours after hatching
• What does Harlow's 1958 study suggest about infant attachment?

  Infants prefer comfort over food sources
• What ethical concerns arise from Harlow's research?

  Caused harm to intentionally orphaned infants
• What are the main criticisms of learning theory in attachment?

  • Oversimplifies attachment to food association
  • Ignores emotional and social factors
  • Environmentally reductionist approach
• What is Bowlby's monotropy theory?

  Infants have a strong attachment to one caregiver
• What are social releases in attachment?

  Crying and smiling to attract caregiver attention
• What is the internal working model in Bowlby's theory?

  A blueprint for future relationships
• What are the implications of Bowlby's attachment theory for childcare?

  • Encourages immediate physical contact after birth
  • Highlights importance of caregiver consistency
  • Suggests critical periods for attachment development
• What did Ainsworth identify as indicators of attachment strength?

  Proximity, exploration, and separation anxiety
• What are the three attachment types identified by Ainsworth?

  Secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant
• How does Ainsworth categorize insecure-avoidant infants?

  They explore freely without using the mother
• What does Bobby argue about the father's role in relationships?

  Fathers provide resources for the family
• What is the mother's monotropic role according to Bobby?

  It is crucial for relationship success
• Who identified behaviors indicating attachment strength?

  Ainsworth
• What behaviors indicate attachment strength according to Ainsworth?

  Proximity, exploration, and anxiety responses
• What are the three attachment types identified by Ainsworth?

  • Insecure avoidant (Type A)
  • Secure (Type B)
  • Insecure resistant (Type C)
• How do insecure avoidant infants behave?

  They explore freely, showing low anxiety
• What does temporal validity refer to in this context?

  Relevance of findings over time
• What characterizes secure type B infants?

  They use their mother as a safe base
• How do insecure resistant type C infants react to their mothers?

  They show ambivalence and mixed emotions
• What was the procedure of the Strange Situation study?

  A structured observation of infant-mother pairs
• What did Ainsworth's findings reveal about attachment types?

  They correlate with maternal sensitivity
• What percentage of infants were classified as secure in Ainsworth's study?

  66%
• What percentage of infants were classified as insecure avoidant?

  22%
• What does predictive validity refer to in the context of attachment?

  Future outcomes based on attachment type