Deck ng Philo

• Philosophical problems of how the world started and what it is made of were investigated in Miletus, Greece


  600 BCE
• Greek Philosophy

  A meeting place between the East and the West, with Oriental as well as Egyptian and Babylonian influences
• Eastern philosophy


  • Intuitively regards nature's depths through the eyes of spirituality
• Greek philosophy


  • Regarded nature through intellectual and systematic eye
• Paradigm shift


  Change in worldview, a change in how reality, truth, and facts are viewed
• The Philosophers wanted to understand scientific progress by studying nature itself, and not by heeding to the dictates of the gods
• Lao Tzu


  • Founder of Taoist school of thought
  • Compared the Tao or The Way to water, heaven, emptiness of a vessel, color, music, flavor, and even to weakness
  • Weakness can overcome strength as the earth's Softest substance (water), Hardest substance (rock), and Invisible Substance (air) can penetrate a wall
• Taoism


  • Aims to be one with all things and to coexists with Heaven and Earth
• Chuang Tzu


  • Most eloquent representative of the Taoist school
  • Believed in nourishing nature, returning to destiny and enjoying nature
  • He left transformation to things themselves
• Anthropocentric model


  • Humans are essential & central to universe
• Ecocentric model

  • Ecological or relational integrity
• Ecological positioning


  Occurs in the past, present, or future, and its environmental settings with regard to our identifications, relations, and attachment in, about,with, or for various natures
• Greenhouse gases


  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Methane
  • Fluoride
  • Nitrous Oxide
• Carbon footprint


  Indicator to understand environmental impact
• Carbon footprint categories


  • Construction
  • Household
  • Food
  • Clothing
  • Mobility
  • Manufacturing
  • Service
  • Trades
• Damage is not inevitable but a consequence of our choices
• Milesians


  Regarded nature as spatially without boundaries
• Anaximander


  Boundless, the evolution of the world begins with the generation of opposites in a certain region of nature
• Pythagoras


  Claimed that order, harmony, and beauty in nature are embodiement of the universe
• Biophilia


  Love of other living things
• Cosmophilia


  Love of other living beings
• Chinese philosophy


  • Universe as continuous whole like a chain of natural consequences
  • Yin and Yang - Primeval Pair, All occurrences in the universe are results of transitional process
• Immanuel Kant


  Beauty is ultimately a symbol of morality (Critique of Judgement)
• Herbert Marcuse


  Humanity has dominated the nature. There can only be change if we will change our attitude toward our perception of the environment
• George Mead


  As human beings, we have not only rights but also duties
• National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 enforces the implementation, protection and conservation of our cultural heritage
• Deep ecology


  • Ecological crisis is a result of anthropocentrism
  • Our controlling attitude extends to nature
  • Advocate humanity to modify their anthropocentric attitude towards ecocentrism
• Social ecology


  • Ecological crisis is a consequence of authoritarian social structures
  • Calls for small-scale societies, which recognize that humanity is linked with the well-being of the natural world in which human life depends
• Ecofeminism


  • Ecological crisis is a consequence of male dominance
  • Freeing nature and humanity means removing the superior vs. inferior in human relations
  • There must be equality and fairness instead
• The right to live isn't just only for human beings, but to all forms of life and the environment
• Freedom


  • A part of humanity's authenticity, apart of our transcendence
  • Consists of going beyond situations whether physical constraint or economic struggles
• Aristotle


  • Apart from will the imperative quality of judgement of practice is meaningless
  • Only through will can its legislation be translated into action
  • The will of humanity is an instrument of free choice
• Moral acts


  Always particular acts, are in our power we are responsible for them
• Happiness of every human being's soul is in his or her own hands, to preserve and develop, or to cast away - Aristotle
• Intellectual freedom


  • Human being is rational. Reason is divine characteristic
  • Reason, will, and action drive each other
• St. Thomas Aquinas


  • Of all creatures of God, only humans have the unique power to change, and improve ourselves, and the things around us
  • We are moral agents. We are both the spiritual and body elements
  • The unity between both the spiritual and material elements helps us to understand our complexity separating us from animals
  • To be good or evil becomes an excercise of moral responsibilities
  • Change cannot be accomplished by human beings alone but with cooperation from God
  • There is an infinite gap between humanity and God and only God can bridge this gap
• Fourfold classification of law

  • Eternal law - sets the foundation
  • Natural law - guides human action
  • Human law - translates natural law into specific rules
  • Divine law - provides religious guidance
• Love


  The guiding principle of humanity toward his or her self-perception and happiness
• Spiritual freedom


  • God's love and conscience result in actions
  • God's Love -> Conscience -> Action (Good or Evil)
• Jean-Paul Sartre


  • Human person is the desire to be God: the desire to exist as a being which has its sufficient ground in itself (en sui causa)
  • Emphasizes the importance of free indvidual choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decision