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• Supernatural Beliefs - Medieval 


  Evil spirits caused illness

  Astrology - become ill if the planets were out of alignment

  1345 - unusual alignment of planets thought to be cause of Black Death
• Religious beliefs


  God caused illness as a punishment as seen in the Black Death 1348-49

  People had no education so they believed stories from the church

  Priests told people that God could send disease to punish sins
• Galen's theory was accepted until the Renaissance (16th Century)
• The Theory Of The Four Humours - Medieval

  Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Blood, Phlegm

  Hippocrates - Ancient Greek Doctor

  Picked up by Galen - Roman Doctor

  Person with high temperature would have hot red skin - means they have too much blood

  Used to explain almost every disease and illness
• Role of Religion In Preventing Illness - Medieval


  Prayer

  Pilgrimages

  Black death - flagellants whipped themselves to convince God that they were sorry for their sins
• Prevention Of Miasma - Medieval

  Sweet smelling herbs such as lavender

  Lighting fires
• Role of diet and hygiene preventing illness - medieval

  Belief that humours produced my digestion - balanced diet was important

  Overeating unbalanced the humours

  Hippocrates advice- laxatives emetics enemas purging of excess food to prevent illness

  Bathing was recommended

  Rich could pay for personalised hygiene plan
• Local Authorities - Medieval

  Sometimes enforced rules to keep street clean

  Introduced quarantine laws during Black Death 1348-49
• Religion Factor

  Medieval - Christians + Islamic religions built hospitals to encourage people to care for the sick.

  Christian Church discouraged challenging old ideas and developing new ones

  Monasteries

  Miasma

  Hippocrates + Galen
• War Factor 


  Development of new surgical technologies - X rays (1895) - Mobile x rays to find bullets and shrapnel

  Harold Gillies - Plastic surgery to help soldiers suffering with severe facial wounds

  Blood Transfusions - British National Blood Transfusion Service (1938)

  Mass production of penicillin
• Communication Factor

  renaissance - printing press enabled accurate and quicker productions of books

  Medieval - Books spread medical knowledge, influencing doctors in Britain

  Modern - Telephones and internet
• Government Factor

  Passing laws for public Health and funding medical services and research

  NHS (1942) - Free health care to all

  Liberal Forms - Free school meals (1906) Slum Clearance, Old age pensions (1908)

  Clean Air Act

  Poverty Line
• Robert Koch

  German Scientist

  First scientist to prove that different germs caused many common diseases

  1882 discovered specific bacteria which caused tuberculosis

  Showed it was possible to grow specific bacteria using coloured dyes which made it easier to single out and study each type of bacteria

  Made it easier for future scientists to study bacteria by growing them in a petri dish and using a microscope.
• James Simpson


  Discovered use of chloroform (1842)

  Effective general anaesthetic used by Queen Victoria (1853)

  Challenged by the church

  Led to complex, slower operations

  Death rates rose: Black Hole period - too much being used
• Joseph Lister - Industrial


  Influenced by sewage plants and Germ Theory

  Applied carbolic acid spray (1865)

  Death rates fell dramatically

  Led to aeseptic surgery
• John Snow - industrial


  Cholera epidemics since 1830s

  Researched cholera in Soho

  Interviewed residents

  Removed broad st pump

  Proved cholera was waterborne

  Cholera epidemics ended

  Didnt know how to explain how it worked
• Government - Industrial


  Promoted vaccinations

  1875 public health act as franchise grew

  Funded research
• Pare - renaissance


  Belgian battlefield surgeon

  Ligatures replaced cauterisation

  rose oil, egg white, turpentine replaced hot oil

  Sewing wounds

  Prosthetic limbs

  1588 Book - (Proved Practice)

  Used vesalius ideas
• Vesalius - renaissance


  Italian anatomy student

  Public dissections on criminals

  Realistic drawings on body systems

  'Fabric of the human body' (1543) - translate into english and used by barber surgeons

  Disagreed with Galen

  Challenged by the church
• William Harvey - renaissance


  English doctor

  Rigorous scientist

  Studied human hearts

  Disproved Galens theory (blood made in liver)

  Led to transplants, blood tranfusions, amputation

  Theory that blood pumped around the body

  'Du motu Cordis' (1628)

  Challenged Galen

  Couldnt prove his theory
• Charles Booth


  Created the poverty line

  30 percent of londoners were so poor that they couldnt eat properly because they had no money.

  Reports highlighted the fact that poverty and poor health had become one of big issues at the time
• Seebohm Rowntree


  28 percent of the population did not have the minimum amount of money to live on at some time after their life

  People had to earn at least 21 shillings per week to stay out of poverty
• 1909 back to back housing act


  few people would have to live in crowded slums

  stopped breeding ground for disease
• 1911 National insurance act


  pensions and sickness pay introduced
• 1907 school medical service


  children in schools got free health care from school doctors