4PY008

• Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, DNA/RNA and ATP
• Prokaryotes - no histone, circular, genes don’t contain introns, 70s ribosome, binary fission, haploid
• Eukaryotes - histone, linear, genes contain introns, 80s ribosome, mitosis or meiosis, diploid
• Six kingdom - plantae, animalia, fungi, protista, eubacteria, archaeabacteria
• Colitis: clostridium difficile - gram positive bacteria, causes diarrhoea. Phylum - Firmicutes. Class - Clostridia.
• Plague: yersinia pestis - gram negative bacteria - spread by fleas. Phylum - proteobacteria. Class - gammaproteobacteria.
• Lyme disease: borrelia burgdorferi - bacteria transmitted by tick bites. Phylum - spirochaetia
• Ascariasi: ascariasi lumbricoides - parasite (worms). Kingdom - animal. phylum - Nematoda.
• Amoebic dysentery: entamoeba histolytica - parasite. Kingdom - protist. Phylum - amoebozoa.
• Cryptosporidosis: cryptosporidium parvum - parasite. Kingdom - protist. Phylum - apricomplexa.
• Candidiasis (thrush): Candida albicans - fungi. Kingdom - fungi. Phylum - ascomycota. Order - saccharomycetales.
• Ringworm: trichophtyon spp. - fungi. Kingdom - fungi. Phylum - ascomycota. Class - eurotiomycetes.
• Bacteria multiplied by binary fission
• Lag phase (first) - different genes being turned on within the cell, to utilise the nutrients in space
• log phase (second) - all genes turned on for growth and pathogens are produced (most toxic)
• Stationary phase (third) - food runs out and population decreases (birth = death)
• Death phase (fourth) - all populations die out
• Direct measurement of bacterial growth:

  • count on microscope
  • membrane filtration
  • plate count and viable count
• Indirect measurement of bacterial growth:

  • turbidity using spectrophotometry
  • biomass
  • measuring cell products
• chromosome (haploid) - double stranded circular DNA molecule and encodes all the genes required for essential cell function
• Ori C - where the replication starts at the origin of replication
• Operons - the operator site controlling the functionally related genes
• Repressors - negative control - down regulate
• Activators - positive control - up regulate
• Regulon - group of operons that are co-regulated
• Flagella - motility
• Pili - attachment to surfaces and interact with other bacteria
• Capsule - resistance to phagocytes and adherence to surfaces
• Cell wall - maintains shape and protection from osmotic stress
• Plasma membrane - selectively permeable barrier, nutrient and waste transport, metabolic processes and prevents energy of hydrophilic charged molecules
• Nucleoid - genetic material (DNA)
• Plasmid - extra chromosomal genetic material
• Ribosome - protein synthesis
• Inclusion bodies - storage of carbon, phosphates and other substances
• Endospores - survival under harsh conditions
• Gram positive will stay purple, e.g. staphylococcus aureus will be arranged cocci and in clusters
• Gram negative will turn pink, e.g. escherichia coli will be arranged in rods and single
• Gram positive has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
• Gram negative will have a thin layer of peptidoglycan
• plasmids can replicate independently, and starts at Ori V (Orgin of replication vector) and contain antibiotic resistance