Unit 2: development dynamics

• Development


  The idea of what 21st Century life should consist of - essentials (such as access to clean water and electricity), access to services and opportunities
• Indicators


  Different ways to measure development
• Types of indicators


  • Economic indicators
  • Social indicators
  • Environmental indicators
• GDP


  A measure of wealth and mean wealth through income
• GDP per capita


  A measure of wealth and mean wealth through income. A high GDP per capita could represent a high-earning population and productive workforce, but GDP per capita could be skewed by very rich minorities, even if the majority of the population earn very little
• Poverty Line


  The number of people earning less than $1.90 per day
• Economic Inequality


  The difference in wealth between the richest 10% and poorest 10% of the population. The larger the inequality, the less wealth is shared across the population and the fewer who benefit from the economy
• Life Expectancy


  Measuring lifestyles and health. Life expectancy is an estimate of how long a person will live, made when they're born, based on predicted advances, current services and the risk of diseases
• Literacy Rate


  Quality of education which correlates to economic output. A well-educated workforce tends to earn higher wages
• Infant Mortality Rate


  Quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children. Infant mortality is important since infants are some of the most vulnerable people of society, so are more likely to catch disease and infection or suffer from malnutrition
• Pollution Levels


  The volume of pollution in the air and water will show how wasteful a country is. It also shows whether a country has developed its technology to become more efficient and less polluting
• Area of Woodland/ Green Space

  The more open land a country has, the more pleasant it is to live there. The proportion of woodland lost or gained can reflect the government's attitude to the environment
• Developments through technology have changed the way we measure development
• We have also learnt that development can be interpreted differently for different societies; some countries value particular factors more than other countries do
• Using different measures and indices can result in countries ranked differently for development
• Human Development Index


  A measure that takes into account income & inequality, levels of education, and life expectancy
• Top 5 Countries on HDI

  • Norway (0.953)
  • Switzerland (0.944)
  • Australia (0.939)
  • Ireland (0.938)
  • Germany (0.936)
• Bottom 5 Countries on HDI

  • Niger (0.354)
  • Central African Republic (0.367)
  • South Sudan (0.388)
  • Chad (0.404)
  • Burundi (0.417)
• Reasons for trends in top 5 HDI countries

  • Large economies and advancing technology (quaternary) industries, resulting in a high GDP per capita
  • Well structured cities and towns, with strong infrastructure and transport links, excellent supplies of clean water, electricity and food to households
  • Free education systems, with opportunities to progress onto further education (universities) or into employment & apprenticeships
• Rostow's Modernisation Theory


  1. Traditional Society

  2. Pre-conditions for Take Off

  3. Take Off

  4. Drive to Maturity

  5. High Mass Consumption

  
• The Brandt Line divides developing and developed countries into their groups
• On the whole, the northern hemisphere is more developed than the southern hemisphere
• Social Causes of Inequality

  • Education - Education is important to the development and economy of a country. If someone doesn't have the right qualifications, they might not be able to get a well-paid, dependable job. This can lead to increased unemployment or large poverty, as families struggle to pay their bills
  • Health - A limited number of doctors or unsubsidised healthcare (treatments aren't paid for by the government) might lead to low-income families having a poorer health
  • Historically Disadvantaged - Countries that have been ruled in the past by another country can be disadvantaged. For example, countries that were part of the British Empire have smaller economies than the UK's economy
• Frank's Dependency Model


  The core tends to become richer, whilst the periphery remains poor and low development
• There are many countries that Britain took advantage of during the British Empire (17th - 20th century) including many Caribbean countries as well as some African nations
• Frank's Dependency Model


  Model that shows how different areas trade resources and goods in a cycle
• Selling goods makes more profit than selling resources, so even though the arrows look the same size, trading isn't fair for all countries involved
• Core


  Tends to become richer
• Periphery


  Remains poor and low development
• Different countries


  • The Carribean and Britain (during the Empire)
  • Capital city and rural villages within a country, such as in China
• Britain took advantage of many Caribbean countries as well as some African nations during the British Empire, allowing Britain to develop ahead of its colonies
• The development gap between Britain and its colonies is still present today
• Climate


  • Affects whether a country has many resources to trade
  • Affects whether a country has regular rainfall, which is good for health and can be sold
  • Affects whether a country can grow crops well
  • Affects whether a country suffers from droughts and soil erosion
  • Affects whether a country can grow crops throughout the year
• Topography


  • Affects where communities can live and build
  • Affects whether a country is landlocked or has access to the sea, which impacts trade and fishing
• Capitalist governments


  Tend to be in the most developed countries
• Communist governments


  Tend to be in less developed countries
• Inequality


  Greater for capitalist governments
• International relations


  • Countries with more allies have more opportunities to trade and earn profit, and can receive aid from allies
• Corruption


  Includes governments forcing themselves in power, police and government receiving bribes, and money going missing, especially aid
• 5% of global GDP is spent corruptly