Chap 5

• statecraft


  it exercises (its strategies for action vis- à- vis other states) are critical
• For an entity to qualify as a state, it must meet four fundamental legal conditions, as outlined in the 1933 Montevideo Convention.

  1. a state must have a territorial base, with geographically defined boundaries.
  2. a stable population must reside within its borders.
  3. this population should owe allegiance to an effective government.
  4. other states must recognize this state diplomatically.
• nation


  it refers to a group of people who share a set of characteristics. Do a people share a common history and heritage, a common language and set of customs, or similar lifestyles? If so, then the people make up a nation.
• nation-state


  refers to the foundation for national self-determination, the idea that peoples sharing nationhood have a right to determine how and under what conditions they should live.
• diplomacy


  states try to influence the behavior of other actors by bargaining, negotiating, taking a specific action or refraining from such an action, or appealing to the foreign public for support of a position
• Harold Nicolson, a British diplomat and writer


  diplomacy usually begins with negotiation, through direct or indirect communication, in an attempt to reach agreement. Parties may conduct this negotiation tacitly, with each party recognizing that a move in one direction leads the other to respond in a way that is strategic.
• The first level is international bargaining between and among states. The second level is bargaining between the state’s negotiators and its various domestic constituencies, both to reach a negotiating position and to ratify the agreement. The political scientist Robert Putnam refers to this as a “two-level game.”
• public diplomacy


  involves targeting both foreign publics and elites, attempting to create an overall image that enhances a coun try’s ability to achieve its diplomatic objectives
• Track-two diplomacy


  it uses individuals outside the government to carry out negotiations. In some cases, this type of diplomacy has resulted in success
• engagement


  sometimes called positive sanctions
• sanctions


  negative sanctions
• smart sanctions


  including freezing assets of governments and/or individuals and imposing commodities sanctions (e.g., on oil, timber, or diamonds)
• compellence


  a state threatens to use force to try to get another state to do something or to undo an act it has undertaken
• deterrence


  states commit themselves to punishing a target state if that state takes an undesired action. Threats of actual war are used as an instrument of policy to dissuade a state from pursuing certain courses of action. If the target state does not take the undesired action, deterrence is successful and conflict is avoided
• It is difficult for a state to know with absolute certainty that it could annihilate its adversary’s nuclear capability in one go (the ability to do so is called first strike capability)
• Organizational politics


  it emphasizes an organization’s standard operating procedures and processes. Decisions arising from organizational processes depend heavily on precedents; major changes in policy are unlikely. Conflicts can occur when different subgroups within the organization have different goals and procedures.
• bureaucratic politics


  members of the bureaucracy representing different interests negotiate decisions. Decisions determined by bureaucratic politics flow from the push and pull, or tug-of-war, among these departments, groups, or individuals. In either political scenario, the ultimate decision depends on the relative strength of the individual bureaucratic players or the organizations they represent.
• satisficing


  settling for a decision that is a minimally acceptable solution, even if that decision is not the best possible outcome
• pluralist model


  focuses on the fact that societal groups may play very important roles in the foreign policies adopted by states. This is especially the case in noncrisis situations and on particular types of issues, often economic ones