Social influence

• What are the three types of conformity according to Asch?

  • Compliance: Temporary behavior change
  • Identification: Change in behavior with group
  • Internalization: Permanent change in opinions
• What is compliance in conformity?

  Temporary behavior change to fit in
• What drives normative social influence (NSI)?

  Desire to be liked and avoid rejection
• What is informational social influence (ISI)?

  Desire to be correct and seek guidance
• What was the overall conformity rate in Asch's critical trials?

  32%
• How many participants conformed at least once in Asch's study?

  75%
• How did group size affect conformity in Asch's study?

  Increased size led to higher conformity
• What happened to conformity when one Confederate gave the correct answer?

  Conformity dropped to 5.5%
• What effect did task difficulty have on conformity in Asch's study?

  Increased difficulty led to increased conformity
• What does it suggest when participants self-report reasons for conforming?

  They may not be aware of true motivations
• What are the evaluations of Asch's study on conformity?

  • Supports NSI with high conformity rates
  • Lacks temporal validity due to cultural context
  • Lacks mundane realism in task design
• What was the main finding of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Participants adapted to assigned social roles
• What roles were assigned in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Guards and prisoners
• What was the purpose of the guards' uniforms in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  To establish authority and control
• What was Zimbardo's role in the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  Prison superintendent and lead investigator
• What does the Stanford Prison Experiment suggest about social roles?

  They can significantly influence behavior
• What are the evaluations of the Stanford Prison Experiment?

  • Well-controlled initial setup
  • Random allocation of roles
  • Ethical concerns due to psychological harm
• What is the agentic state according to Milgram?

  Belief that one is not responsible for actions
• What is the legitimacy of authority?

  Acceptance of authority figures in hierarchy
• What was the maximum voltage in Milgram's study?

  450 volts
• What happened when the proximity of the authority figure changed in Milgram's study?

  Obedience dropped to 21%
• How did the location affect obedience in Milgram's study?

  Obedience dropped to 47.6% in rundown area
• What was the effect of changing the uniform of the authority figure in Milgram's study?

  Obedience dropped to 20%
• What are the evaluations of Milgram's research on obedience?

  • Supports agentic state and legitimacy of authority
  • Criticized for methodological flaws
  • Ethical concerns due to participant distress
• What did Bickman (1974) find about uniforms and obedience?

  89% obeyed when dressed as a guard
• What does high obedience in Bickman's study suggest?

  Uniforms provide a visible symbol of authority
• What was the non-US obedience rate in Milgram's study?

  65.9%
• What ethical criticisms were made about Milgram's study?

  It caused distress and used deception
• What methodological criticisms were made about Milgram's study?

  Lacked ecological validity and mundane realism
• What are demand characteristics in the context of Milgram's study?

  Participants guessed shocks were not real
• What did Hofling's 1966 study find about nurses' obedience?

  21 out of 22 obeyed the order
• What was the setting of Hofling's study?

  A field study in a real hospital
• What did Sheridan and King (1972) find regarding obedience to authority?

  54% of males and 100% of females shocked a puppy
• What does Bman (1974) suggest about uniforms and obedience?

  Uniforms provide a visible symbol of authority
• What is the authoritarian personality according to Adorno?

  A personality shaped by strict parenting
• What scale did Adorno use to study the authoritarian personality?

  The F-scale (fascism scale)
• What factors does the F-scale measure?

  Authoritarian submission and uncritical attitude
• What did Elms find about obedient males in Milgram's studies?

  They scored higher on the F-scale
• What are the alternate situational explanations of obedience?

  Agentic state and legitimacy of authority
• What does locus of control refer to?

  Factors people believe control their actions