Memory

• What is the capacity of the short-term memory store according to Miller?

  Seven plus or minus two items
• What are the three stores in the multistore model of memory?

  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
• What is the duration of the sensory register?

  Approximately 250 milliseconds
• How does information move from sensory register to short-term memory?

  Through attention to raw sense impressions
• What type of coding is used in short-term memory?

  Acoustic coding
• What is the duration of short-term memory according to the study?

  Approximately 18 seconds
• What happens to information in short-term memory when new information enters?

  It is lost by displacement or decay
• What is the capacity of long-term memory?

  Theoretically unlimited capacity
• How is long-term memory coded?

  Semantically, in the form of meaning
• What did Glaser and Kunitz find about word recall?

  Primacy and recency effects in word lists
• What does the term 'displacement' refer to in short-term memory?

  Loss of old information due to new input
• What did Miller's research suggest about short-term memory capacity?

  It can hold seven plus or minus two items
• What did Peterson and Peterson's study reveal about short-term memory duration?

  It is very short, less than 10% recall after 18 seconds
• What did Wagner's diary study find about long-term memory recall?

  75% recall after 1 year, 45% after 5 years
• What did Barck's study find about recalling school friends' names?

  90% recall after 15 years, 80% after 48 years
• What are the criticisms of cognitive tests of memory like the MSM?

  They lack ecological validity and realism
• What are the types of long-term memory?

  • Declarative (explicit)
  • Episodic: personal experiences, timestamped
  • Semantic: facts and knowledge, not timestamped
  • Non-declarative (implicit)
  • Procedural: skills and tasks, not consciously recalled
• What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

  Associated with episodic memory recall
• What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

  Episodic is personal; semantic is factual knowledge
• How does Clive Wearing's case illustrate different types of memory?

  He has episodic amnesia but retains semantic knowledge
• What does the working memory model propose about short-term memory?

  It is an active processor with multiple stores
• What is the function of the central executive in the working memory model?

  Controls attention and filters information
• What is the capacity of the phonological loop?

  Approximately 2 seconds of speech
• What is the word length effect in the phonological loop?

  Shorter words are recalled better than longer ones
• What is the role of the episodic buffer in the working memory model?

  Holds and combines information from various sources
• What are the limitations of the working memory model?

  It lacks a full explanation of the central executive
• What is interference theory in forgetting?

  Forgetting occurs due to confusion from other information
• What is proactive interference?

  Old information disrupts recall of new information
• What is retroactive interference?

  New information disrupts recall of old information
• How does similarity affect interference in memory?

  Similar information is more likely to cause interference
• What is cue-dependent forgetting?

  Forgetting occurs due to absence of appropriate cues
• What is the encoding specificity principle?

  Cues present at encoding help retrieval
• What are context-dependent cues?

  External environmental aspects that aid memory
• How do state-dependent cues affect memory retrieval?

  Emotional or internal states aid memory recall
• What are the main types of forgetting according to interference theory?

  • Proactive interference: old info disrupts new
  • Retroactive interference: new info disrupts old
  • Similarity: similar info causes more interference
• What is the effect of time sensitivity on interference?

  Less likely with a large gap between learning
• How does the absence of cues lead to forgetting?

  It prevents retrieval of stored information
• What is the relationship between encoding and retrieval in memory?

  Cues present during encoding aid retrieval
• What are state-dependent cues?

  Internal emotional states that aid memory recall
• How do emotional states influence memory recall?

  They can enhance or inhibit memory retrieval