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• Skeletal System

  Body's support structure and protection
• Musculoskeletal System

  The muscular and skeletal systems work together to support and move the body
• Major functions of Skeletal System

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Blood cell protection
• Support

  • The bones and cartilages provide the framework to maintain the body shape
• Protection

  • It protects the internal organs (skull, rib cage, lungs, spinal cord etc.)
• Movement

  • Wider range of body movements because of coordinated action of skeletal system
• Storage

  • Bones are reservoir of minerals like phosphorus and calcium. It plays an important role in calcium metabolism
• Blood cell protection

  • The bone marrow is a site of hematopoiesis where the formation of blood cells takes place
• Extracellular Matrix

  It contains collagen, proteoglycan and water and minerals in the matrix to determine the characteristics of connective tissues
• Extracellular Matrix

  • Tissue development (e.g. wound healing)
  • Collagen is the most abundant protein in the ECM and support resident cells
  • Proteoglycan are large molecules consisting of polysaccharides attached to core proteins
  • Most of the minerals in bones is in the form of calcium phosphate crystals called hydroxyapatite
  • The bone, cartilage, tendons (muscle-bone), and ligaments (bones-bones) are all connective tissues
• Categories of Bones

  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
• Long Bones

  Are longer than they are wide (e.g. Humerus, Femur, Fibula, Tibia)
• Short Bones

  Cube and contain mostly spongy bone (e.g. Carpal bone(wrist) and, Tarsal bone (ankle)
• Flat Bones

  Flat shape (e.g. skull, ribs, sternum, scapulate)
• Irregular Bones

  Fairly complex shape which protect internal organs (e.g. vertebrae, sacrum, ear ossicles)
• Homeostasis

  Internal stability
• Blood Sugar (High)

  1. Insulin

  2. Glucose (C6H12O6)

  3. Glycogen
• Blood Sugar (Low)

  1. Glycogon

  2. Glycogen

  3. Glucose (C6H12O6)
• Calcium (Low)

  1. Pyrathyroid Gland release hormones (PTH)

  2. PTH stimulates osteoclast to breakdown bone and calcium which will release to the blood stream

  3. PTH Stimulates the kidney to take up calcium from the urine and return it to the blood. (release urine)

  4. PTH activates vitamin D formation which promotes absorption of calcium through small intestine
• Calcium (High)

  1. Thyroid Gland

  2. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast (decrease blood calcium level that are too high
• Axial Skeleton

  • Skull
  • Mandible
  • Hyoid bone
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Vertebral column
  • Sacrum
• Appendicular Skeleton

  • Clavicle
  • Scapula
  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpal bones (metacarpal bones, phalanges)
  • Fibula
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Femur
  • Tarsal bones (metatarsal bones, phalanges)
• Types of Ribs

  • True Ribs
  • False Ribs

  
• True Ribs

  7 ribs are attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilages

  
• False Ribs

  1. 12 ribs that do not attached to the sternum but connected to cartilages

  
• Muscular System

  Composed of specialized cells called muscle fiber
• Major Functions of Muscular System

  • Responsible for movement
  • Maintain posture
  • Respiration
  • Aerobic Respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Production of body heat
  • Communication
  • Constriction of organs and vessels
  • Contraction of the heat
• Aerobic Respiration

  Requires the presence of oxygen to breakdown food energy to generate ATP
• Anaerobic respiration

  Breakdown energy stores in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP
• Peristalsis

  Series of wave-like muscle contractions that move through the digestive tract
• Mitochondria

  An organelle that is abundance in our muscle which convert nutrients into ATP to stores energy
• Types of Muscles

  • Skeletal Muscles (Voluntary)
  • Cardiac Muscles (Involuntary)
  • Smooth Muscles (Involuntary)
• Skeletal Muscles

  Tissue attached to bones and allows movement, long and cylindrical
• Cardiac Muscles

  The muscle specific to the heart, branched
• Smooth Muscles

  Located in internal organs including the digestive tract, blood vessels, glands, spindle shaped
• Sliding Filament Theory
• Nervous System

  Uses nerve cells called neurons to send signals, or messages, all over your body
• Functions of Nervous System

  • Receiving sensory input
  • Integrating information
  • Controlling muscles and glands
  • Maintaining homeostasis
  • Establishing and maintaining mental activity
• Division of the Nervous system

  • Central Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
• Central Nervous System

  • Somatic Nervous System (voluntary control)
  • Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary control)