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Physics paper 2
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Cards (130)
Force
Any
push
or
pull
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Types of forces
Contact
forces (when objects are physically touching)
Non-contact
forces (like magnetism, electrostatic forces, gravity)
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Contact forces
Normal contact force
(pushing a door)
Friction
Air resistance
Tension
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Finding resultant force
1. Technically adding
vectors
(if in
opposite
directions, one is negative)
2. Using
Pythagoras
if at right angles
3. Using
trigonometry
(e.g. tan)
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Balanced forces
Forces
add
up to
zero
, object does not accelerate but may still be moving at constant velocity
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Scalar
Quantity with
magnitude
but
no
direction
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Vector
Quantity with both
magnitude
and
direction
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Scalar
quantities
Displacement
Velocity
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Weight
Force due to
gravity
acting on an object, calculated as mass x
gravitational field strength
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Lifting an object at constant speed
Upward force must equal
weight
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Work done
Energy transferred by a
force
, calculated as force x
distance
moved
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Hooke's Law
Force
=
spring
constant
x
extension
, for elastic objects
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Energy stored in a spring
Equal to
1/2
x spring
constant
x (extension)^2
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Moment
Turning force
, equal to force x
perpendicular distance
to pivot
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Pressure
Force
per unit area, calculated as force/
area
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Gas pressure
Due to collisions of
gas
particles with surfaces, increased by adding more
gas
, reducing volume, or raising temperature
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Speed
Scalar
quantity,
distance
/time
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Velocity
Vector quantity,
displacement
/
time
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Acceleration
Change in
velocity
/time,
m/s^2
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Newton's
First
Law
An object's motion is
constant
if there is
no
resultant
force
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Newton's
Second
Law
Force =
mass
x
acceleration
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Newton's
Third
Law
For
every
action force, there is an
equal
and
opposite
reaction
force
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Momentum
Mass x velocity, conserved in collisions
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Thinking distance
Distance travelled before reacting to a hazard, proportional to speed
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Braking distance
Distance to stop after braking, proportional to speed^2
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Doubling
your
speed
Quadruples
your
braking
distance
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Your car needs to lose all of its kinetic energy which is equal to half MV squared
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If you double the velocity (V)
Kinetic energy goes up by 2^2 = 4 times
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If you triple your speed
Kinetic energy goes up by 3^2 = 9 times
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Factors affecting thinking distance
Distractions
Alcohol
Drugs
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Factors affecting braking distance
Condition of brakes
Tires
Road
Weather
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Momentum
Measure of how hard it is to get something to stop
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Momentum
Mass times velocity
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Momentum is a vector, so it can be negative if velocity is negative
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In a collision, kinetic energy isn't always conserved but total momentum always is
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Calculating momentum before and after a collision
1. M1 U1
2. M2 U2
3. M1 V1 + M2 V2
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If there is zero total momentum before a collision, there must be zero total momentum afterwards
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Recoil is an example of zero total momentum before and after an event
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Force
Rate of change of momentum
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Shorter time for momentum change
Bigger force needed
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