industrial 1700-1900

• Edward Jenner


  -created the first vaccination

  ^realised cow maids are immune to cowpox

  ^tested first vaccination on Phipps

  • people didn't fully support his creation (he was just a country doctor with little evidence, that wasn't explained well)
  • no change in health laws
• John Snow

  -realised disease can be water borne

  -cholera pandemic in London, mapped out diseases. One lady away from main infection area was sick, turned out she liked the water from the infected area

  -took off the handle from the Broad Street pump

  • cholera never returned to London
  • consequence - Bazalgette's sewers
• Louis Pasteur

  -wrote the Germ Theory in 1861

  ^ realised that germs cause disease, yet couldn't name any specifics

  -was in rivalry with Koch to find vaccines

  SHORT TERM IMPACT:

  • discovered the causes of disease
  • inspired Koch to discover specific germs

  LONG TERM IMPACT:

  • the book influenced others to start investigations in various areas
  • ^Joseph Lister and the 1875 Public Health Act
• Robert Koch


  -used Pasteur's book to discover vaccines e.g. Anthrax

  -was in rivalry with Pasteur
• Joseph Bazalgette


  -designed and built the sewers in London to prevent the stench (The Great Stink)

  -clean water was part of the 1875 Public Health Act
• Florence Nightingale

  -went to Crimean War to nurse the wounded soldiers

  -improved the sanitation and conditions of the hospitals:

  • clean beds and sheets
  • clean floors and rooms
  • clean clothes and hands

  -opened the St Thomas Hospital, a nursing school

  -wrote "Notes on Nursing" to share her knowledge
• Joseph Lister


  -used Pasteur's Germ Theory to influence his ideas

  -discovered carbolic acid as the first aseptic

  ^led to cleaner surgery, so less infection and higher survival rate

  -soaked bandages in acid and also used as a spray
• James Simpson


  -discovered the first anaesthetic (after a night of testing a mix of drugs with friends)

  ^Chloroform - used by Queen Victoria during childbirth

  -led to more complex surgeries as patients would be passed out and not in agony or moving about
• 1848 Public Health Act

  -not compulsory to follow

  + a health board was created

  + rubbish in streets was to be collected
• 1875 Public Health Act

  *influenced by the Great Stink

  + everything was mandatory

  + councils to provide clean water, dispose sewage and ensure that safe food was sold
• Blood Groups


  blood donations were possible but were very complex

  1901 - blood groups are discovered

  ^ easier now, but both patient and donor have to be present at the same time