Geography summer exam

• Geography


  The study of the world around us, it is about the earth and our relationship with it
• Main branches of Geography


  • Physical Geography
  • Human Geography Environmental geography
• Physical Geography

  • Includes topics like volcanoes, weather, rivers
• Human Geography


  • Includes topics like people and how many of us there are, the places we live in, how we are living
• Geography is all around us and is a very interesting subject
• Geography is a very big subject and so is divided into three main branches
• Where the contour lines are very far apart

  • The ground is flat
• Where the contour lines are very close together


  • The ground slopes steeply
• Contour lines

  Lines on a map, joining places that are the same height above sea level
• Spot height

  The exact height, in metres, at a spot on a map
• How the water cycle works
• How rivers work through erosion, transport and deposition
• How rivers create landforms such as waterfalls, gorges, etc.
• Source of a river


  The start of a river
• Tributary


  Smaller rivers that join the main river
• Facts about the River Thames

  • Length: 346km
  • Source: Thames Head
  • Flows through London
  • Located in South-east England
  • Has 21 tributaries
  • Tidal from Teddington to the sea
• Water cycle

  The continuous movement of water on, above and below the Earth's surface
• How the water cycle works


  1. Evaporation

  2. Condensation

  3. Precipitation
• Groundwater


  Water held underground in rock and soil
• Water vapour

  Water in the gas form
• Infiltration


  Water soaking through the ground
• Precipitation


  Rainfall, snowfall, etc.
• Evaporation

  The process that turns water into a gas
• Condensation


  The process that turns gas into water
• Impermeable


  Does not allow water to pass through
• River channel

  The trench in the land that holds the river
• River bed

  The bottom of the river channel
• River banks

  The sides of the river channel
• The work of rivers

  1. Erosion

  2. Transportation

  3. Deposition
• As you move from source to mouth, the amount of erosion decreases and deposition increases
• Waterfalls form where hard rock meets soft rock, with the soft rock eroding away
• Meanders form as the river erodes the outer bank and deposits on the inner bank
• Flood

  Water overflowing the river's channel
• Causes of floods

  • Heavy rain
  • Rapid snow melt
  • Impermeable rock
  • Steep land
  • Many tributaries
• Human causes of floods

  • Built-up areas with concrete
  • Cutting down trees