Definitions

• Electrophiles

  electron-pair acceptors

  attracted to high electron density area
• Electrophilic addition reactions open up the double bond
• Reacting alkenes with water and H2SO4 catalyst makes alcohols
• First ionisation enthalpy

  energy needed to remove 1 electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms, to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions
• 3 main things affect size of ionisation enthalpies

  1. atomic radius
  2. nuclear charge
  3. electron shielding
• Group 2 react with water

  give metal hydroxide and hydrogen
• Group 2 elements burn in oxygen

  gives solid white oxides
• Group 2 oxides and hydroxides are bases,

  more strongly alkaline solutions in water as you go down the group
• Group 2 carbonates : less soluble down group
• Group 2 hydroxides : more soluble down group
• Group 2 carbonates decompose to form CO2 and metal oxides
• The greater the distortion the less stable the carbonate ion
• If metal less reactive than hydrogen : metal formed
• If metal more reactive than hydrogen : hydrogen gas formed
• anode :

  doesn’t contain halide : oxygen gas
• Anode :

  concentrated and contains halide : halogen
• Anode :

  dilute and contains halide : oxygen gas
• K

  Na

  Ca

  Mg

  Al

  C

  Zn

  Fe

  Pb

  H

  Cu

  Ag

  Au

  Pt