Eduqas A Level Law - Paper 1

• Parliamentary Law Making

  1. Introduction of Legislation

  2. Committee Stage

  3. Report Stage

  4. Third Reading

  5. Consideration in the Other Chamber

  6. Consideration of Amendments

  7. Royal Assent
• Green Papers

  Consultation documents presenting proposals for new laws or policy changes
• White Papers

  Documents outlining finalized proposals for legislation
• Drafting of Bills

  Careful consideration of the legal language and structure of the proposed law
• First Reading

  Formal presentation of the bill and its title, no debate
• Second Reading

  Bill is debated, members discuss general principles and purpose, vote taken
• Detailed Examination

  Bill scrutinized in detail by a committee, amendments may be proposed and debated
• Consideration of Amendments

  Proposed amendments debated and voted upon by the committee
• Further Examination

  Bill, as amended, considered by the whole chamber, further amendments may be proposed
• Approval of Amendments

  Any amendments agreed upon are formally approved
• Final Debate


  Bill debated for the final time, no further amendments can be made
• Vote


  Final vote taken on whether to approve the bill
• Introduction in the Other Chamber

  Bill introduced in the other chamber, undergoes similar process
• Ping-Pong Stage


  If both chambers cannot agree, bill goes back and forth until agreement is reached
• Final Approval


  Bill sent to the monarch for Royal Assent, becomes law
• Enactment


  Act is published and comes into force on a specified date
• European Law Making involves various EU institutions including the European Commission, Parliament, Council, and Court of Justice
• Directives


  Binding on member states but require national implementation
• Regulations


  Directly applicable
• Key Principles of the UK Constitution

  • Parliamentary Sovereignty
  • Separation of Powers
  • Rule of Law
  • Royal Prerogative
• The Law Commission


  Conducts research and makes recommendations for legal reforms to Parliament
• Pressure Groups


  Advocate for legal changes aligned with their interests through lobbying and public campaigns
• Judicial Decisions


  Can prompt legislative action or lead to changes in legal principles through the doctrine of precedent
• Rule of Law


  Ensures consistency, predictability, and fairness in the application of laws, prevents arbitrary government actions and protects individual rights
• Human Rights

  Protect dignity, equality, and fundamental freedoms, individuals can seek redress if rights are violated
• Substantive Justice


  Fairness of outcomes achieved through legal rules and principles
• Procedural Justice


  Fairness of processes and procedures used to resolve legal disputes
• Evaluation


  Assessing the effectiveness of legal rules, institutions, and processes in achieving justice